Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in Haemodialysis Patients From Three Centers in Baghdad, Iraq: A Survey By Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serological Methods
Keywords:
HCV, Haemodialysis, Serological test, RT-PCRAbstract
Hepatitis C virus infection is a major health problem among haemodialysis patients in developing countries. Nosocomial transmission of HCV infection was a considerable route, particularly during the outbreaks of infection. To compare serological and molecular methods for detection of HCV infection serum samples were screened for anti-HCV antibodies using a fourth generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive samples were confirmed by immunoblot assay. All seropositive and seronegative samples were screened for the presence of HCV-RNA by using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The overall prevalence was (41.10%) in the three centers (range: 26.05% to 62.82%) with higher prevalence in Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital. All seropositive samples were tested by reverse transcriptase PCR, and 24/92 (26.09%) of confirmed samples were found to contain HCV-RNA. Additionally, 2/5 (40%) of immunoblot-indeterminate and 1/3 (33.33%) of immunoblot-negative samples were also found to be HCV-RNA positive. Also all seronegative samples were screened for the presence of HCV-RNA by using pooling strategy and 2/136 (1.47%) of anti-HCV negative samples were found to be HCV-RNA positive. Our data emphasize the need for stricter adherence to infection control measures in haemodialysis centers and reinforce the importance of screening by both PCR and serological methods at regular intervals to identify all HCV-infected patients.eng
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• Al-Kubaisy, W. A.; Al-Naib, K.T.; and Al-Habib, M.A. (2003). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Specific Antibodies & Genotype Distribution among Iraqi Children with Thalassaemia. J. Basic Med. Sc. 3(2): 147-150.
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• Bdour, S. (2002). Hepatitis C virus infection in Jordanian haemodialysis units: serological diagnosis and genotyping. J. Med. Microbiol. 51. 700–704.
• Carneiro, M.A.S. ; Martins, R.M.B.; Teles, S.A. ; Silva, S.A.; Lopes, C.L.; Cardoso, D.D.P. ; Vanderborght, B.O.M.; and Yoshida, C.F.( 2001). Hepatitis C Prevalence and Risk Factors in Hemodialysis Patients in Central Brazil: a Survey by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serological Methods. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 96(6): 765-769.
• Chong, V. H.; and Zinna, H. S. (2008). Hepatitis C virus infection and haemodialysis: experience of a district general hospital in Brunei Darussalam. Singapore Med J.; 49 (11): 916.
• De Albuquerque, A. C. C.; Coêlho, M.R. C.D.; Lopes, E. P.A; Lemos, M.F.; and Moreira, R.C. (2005). Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients from one center in Recife, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 100(5): 467- 470.
• Devesa, M.; Khudyakov, Y.E.; Capriles, F.; Blitz, L.; Fields, H.A.; Liprandi, F.; and Pujol, F.H. (1997). Reduced Antibody Reactivity to Hepatitis C Virus Antigens in Hemodialysis Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis B Virus: 639–642.
• Fayadh, M. I.; and Jureidini, Z. M. (2001). Acute viral hepatitis in Iraq: A Review study. Arab. J. Gastroenterology. 2(2): 321-327.
• Hayat, A.; and Mitwalli A. (2010). Hepatitis C and Kidney Disease. Hepatitis Research and Treatment. Article ID 534327, 8 pages.
• Horoz, M.; Bolukbas, C.; Bolukbas, F.F.; Aslan, M.; Koylu, A.O.; Selek, S.; and Ere, O. (2006). Oxidative stress in hepatitis C infected end-stage renal disease subjects. BMC Infectious Diseases. 6:114.
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• Kattab, O. S. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis patients in an Iraqi renal transplant center. 19(1):110-15.
• Kaya, S. (2008). Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 42(3): 525-534.
• Khalaf, A.R.S.; Jabiar, I.S.; and Alkhayat, R.M. (1996). Prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies and hepatitis B markers in Iraqi haemodialysis patients. J. Fac. Med. Baghdad. 38(4): 369-374.
• Mohammed, H. S. (1997). The frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Mosul. J. University of Babylon /Medical Science. 2(4): 532-540.
• Othman, B.; and Monem, F. (2001). Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in Damascus, Syria. Infection. 29 (5): 262-265
• Sabry, A.; El-Dahshan, K.; Mahmoud, K.; El-Husseini, A.; Sheashaa, H.; and Abo-Zenah, H. (2007). Effect of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Haematocrit and Haemoglobin Levels in Egyptian Hemodialysis Patients. Eur. J. Gen. Med. 4(1):9-15.
• Samimi-rad, K.; Hosseini, M.; and Shahbaz, B. (2008). Hepatitis C Virus Infection and HCV Genotypes of Hemodialysis Patients. Iranian J. Publ. Health. 37(3): 146-152.
• Schneeberger, P.M.; Keur, I.; Vliet, W.V.; Hoek, K.V.; Boswijk, H.; Vanloon, A.; Vandijk, W. C.; Kauffmann, R. H.; Quint, W.; and Van Doorn, L.-J. (1998). Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Dialysis Centers in the Netherlands: a National Survey by Serological and Molecular Methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology.36 (6):1711–1715.
• Senevirathna, D.; Ranaweera, D.; Abeysekera, D.; Kanakarathana, N.; De Silva, D.; Abeysundara, S.; Samaraweera, P.; Jayasinghe, S.; and Fernandopulle, N. (2008). Genotypes of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Liver Disease Patients in Sri Lanka. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 39 (6): 1054- 1056.
• Wang, N.; Gao, X.Q.; and Han, J.X. (2004). Simultaneous detection of HBV and HCV by multiplex PCR normalization. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10(16):2439-2443.
• Zein, N. N. (2000). Clinical Significance of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13(2): 223–235.
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Published
2014-06-30
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Abdullah, A. M., Ahmed, A.-R. H., & Latif, I. I. (2014). Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in Haemodialysis Patients From Three Centers in Baghdad, Iraq: A Survey By Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serological Methods. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2(1), 116–123. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/127
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