Isolation and Identification of Yeasts from Indoor Swimming Pools in Duhok City With Special Concern to The Effect of Some Disinfectant Agents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.360Keywords:
Isolation, Yeast, Duhok City, Chlorine, ChloroxylenolAbstract
The present study was conducted to study the level of yeast contamination in indoor public swimming pools in Duhok city. A total of 230 samples (50 water sample) were taken from swimming pool water and (180 swab samples) were taken from walls, flour of bathrooms, dressing rooms and flour around the pool in five indoor public swimming pools from September 2014 to February 2015. All samples were examined for the presence of yeasts using three culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar). The highest number of Yeast genera was in November (6) followed by October (5), December and January (4) while the lowest number was in September (3). Eleven (11) isolates yeasts were selected randomly for in vitro sensitivity to the disinfectant agents {Chlorine, Chloroxylenol and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)}. All tested isolates were highly sensitive to chlorine, Chloroxylenol and H2O2. The MIC value of chlorine for most of them was 0.01 % and for Chloroxylenol was 0.1 % except Candida tropicalis and C. glabrata. Regarding the effect of H2O2 the MIC value ranged from 0.1% - 12.8 %.
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Atayese, A. O., Effedua, H. I., Oritogun, K. S. , Kareem K. T. and Ogunledun A. (2010). Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorinated and Non-chlorinated Antiseptics against C. albicans. Academia Arena. 2(9).
Azizi-far, M., Kazemi-fard H., Jandaghi GhR. and Safdari M., (2006). The study of dermatophytic infections in public swimming pools of Qom city during 2004. Rah. Dan. J. Arak Uni.Med. Sci., 3(9): 67-72.
Bello, O., Mabekoje, O., Egberongbe, O. and Bello, K.(2012). Microbial Qualities of Swimming Pools in Lagos, Nigeria. Int. J.App. Sci. and Tech. 2(8):89-96.
Bianchi, P., Repetto, A., Bulletti, S., Mattiacci, P., Rossi, J., Pagiotti, R.,Ribaldi, M. and Schiaffella, F. (1989). In vitro study of the antifungal activity of two chlorine derivatives to be used in antisepsis. Ann. Ig. ;1(3-4):827-40.
Cannon, P. F. and Hawksworth, D. L. (1995). The Diversity of Fungi Associated with Vascular Plants: the known, the unknown and the need to bridge knowledge gap. Adv. in Pla. Sci. 11: 277-302.
de Hoog, G.S. and Guarro, J. (1995). Atlas of clinical fungi. Centraalbureau Schimmelcultures, The Netherlands and Universitat Rovira in Virgili, Spain.
Ellis, D.H. (1994) Clinical mycology. The human opportunistic mycosis. Pfzor. New York 166 pp.
Ellis, D., Davis, S. Alexrou, H., Handke, R. and Bartly, R.(2007). Description of medical fungi. Adeleide, Australia.
Fraise, A. P (2002) Biocide abuse and antimicrobial resistance—a cause for concern? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49:11-12.
Hawksworth, D. L. (1991). The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycolo.Reas. 95: 641-655.
Hoseinzadeh, E., Mohammady, F., Shokouhi, R., Ghiasian, S. A., Roshanaie, G., Toolabi, A. and Azizi, S. (2013). Evaluation of biological and physico-chemical quality of public swimming pools, Hamadan (Iran). Int. J. Env. Health. Eng., 2(1), 21.
Itah, A. Y. and Ekpombok, M. U. E. (2004). Pollution status of swimming pools in south-south zone of south-eastern Nigeria using microbiological and physicochemical indices. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 35, 488- 493.
Larone, D. (2011). Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification. Ed. (5). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
Magaldi, S., Mata-Essayag, S., Hartung de Capriles, C., Perez, C., Colella, M.T., Olaizola, C., and Ontiveros, Y. (2004). Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. Inter. J. Infec. Dis. 8:39-45.
Mohammad, T.H. and Habeb, K.A. (2014). Epidemiological Study of Keratinophilic Fungi in Baghdad Swimming Pools. J. B. f. S.11(3).
Nanbakhsh, H., Diba, K., and Hazarti, K. (2004). Study of fungal contamination of indoor public swimming pools. Iran. J. Pub. Heal. 33(1), 60‑65.
Odds F., (1988). (2nd ed). Candida and Candidiasis. Baillière Tindall.
Papadopoulou, C., Economou, V., Sakkas, H., Gousia, P., Giannakopoulos, X., Dontorou, C., and Leveidiotou, S. (2008). Microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor swimming pools in Greece: investigation of the antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates. Int. J. Hyg. Environ., 211, 385-397.
Robins, C. and Morell, J. (2007). Mold Housing and Wood. In: Western Wood Products Association.
Viegas, C., Alves, C, Carolino, E., Pinheiro, C., Rosado, L. and Santos, C.S.(2011). Assessment of fungal contamination in a group of Lisbon's Gymnasiums with a swimming Pool. Ita. J. Occup. Env. Hyg. 2(1):15 – 20.
Viegas, C., Alves, C., Carolino, E., Rosado, L. and Silva Santos, C. (2010). Prevalence of fungi in indoor air with reference to gymnasiums with swimming pools. Ind. Bu.env. 19(5):555–561.
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Published
2017-06-30
How to Cite
Abdullah, B. A., & Saadullah, A. A. (2017). Isolation and Identification of Yeasts from Indoor Swimming Pools in Duhok City With Special Concern to The Effect of Some Disinfectant Agents. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(2), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.360
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