@article{Al-Sinjari_Al-Attar_2015, title={Toxic Effects of Essential Oils of Elattaria Cardamomum L. And Lambda- Cyhalothrin on Tribolium Confusum (Duval)}, volume={3}, url={https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/77}, abstractNote={<p>Toxic effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin and essential oils of cardamom seeds of <em>Elettaria cardamomum</em> (L.), individually or in combination, on the larva, pupa and adult stages of confused flower beetle, <em>Tribolium confusum,</em> through the topical application were studied. The percentages of mortality of larval stage exposed to Lambda-cyhalothrin, at concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ larva were 13.33, 20, 36.67 and 46.67 % respectively. While, the percentages of mortality of pupa stage at concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ pupa were 13.33, 16.67, 26.67 and 43.33 respectively. For adults, exposed to Lambda concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ adult were 10.0, 13.33, 23.33 and 40.0 respectively. The percentages of mortality of larvae exposed to cardamom oil at concentrations of  0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ larva were 60, 76.67, 90 and 96.67% respectively, while the mortality of pupa exposed to concentrations of  0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ pupa were 46.67, 63.33, 83.33 and 90 respectively. The percentages of mortality of the adults exposed to concentrations 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ adult were 43.33, 60.0, 76.67 and 83.33 respectively. The synergistic ratios for larvae, pupae and adults exposed to mixture 1 (0.03  µl / insect cardamom oil and different concentrations of pesticide ), were  2.01, 1.70 and 1.60, respectively, where as the synergistic ratios of larvae, pupae and adults exposed to mixture 2 ( 0.07  µl / insect cardamom oil and different concentrations of pesticide) were 2.61, 2.34 and 3.10, respectively. This indicates that a combination of cardamom seeds oil with different concentrations of the insecticide Lambda produced synergistic effects.</p>}, number={1}, journal={Science Journal of University of Zakho}, author={Al-Sinjari, Sofyan H. Sedo and Al-Attar, Hani J.}, year={2015}, month={Jun.}, pages={15–26} }