TY - JOUR AU - Hassan, Wazeer A. AU - YOUSIF, ASMER A. PY - 2013/09/30 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Soil Recolonization by Saprophytic Fungi after Solarization and Soil Amendments JF - Science Journal of University of Zakho JA - SJUOZ VL - 1 IS - 2 SE - DO - UR - https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/167 SP - 427-436 AB - <p>The effects of solarisation using clear, UV stabilized , 25 µm low density polyethylene mulching combined with soil amendment of&nbsp; chicken manures 12 th<sup>-1</sup>&nbsp;, mixed fungicides of Metalaxyl 2 g- Benlate&nbsp; 1.5 g L<sup>-1</sup>&nbsp;, Biocontrol agent of&nbsp;<em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>&nbsp;(T.h.) and NPK fertilizer 180 Kg h<sup>-1</sup>,&nbsp; were ascertained during summer 2008 for counting the total population density of thermotolerant soil fungi&nbsp;<em>Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Rhizopus&nbsp;</em>sp<em>., Penicillium&nbsp;</em>spp<em>.,&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em>Ttrichoderma harzianum</em>&nbsp;( T.h )&nbsp; colonized in solarized soil amendments after mulching removal and repeated at 60 days intervals until may 2009. Population of these saprophytes was initially depressed to 8.19 and 4.29×10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;cfu/gm soil after 45 and 60 of mulching removal compared to 13.64 ×10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;in non-solarized soil, with the most greatly reduction after application mixed of Metalaxyl &amp; Benlate., the highest population density of the above fungi 20.07 cfu×10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;was observed in non-mulching chicken manure ( CM ) plots. After 6 – 8 months a total counts of these fungi were significantly reinforced in the solarized amended soil even in plots treated with mixture of both&nbsp;&nbsp; fungicides. Detection of&nbsp; pine damping off disease in non-solarized control plots was 83.33% with severity of 60%.&nbsp; Solar heating alone reduced the disease occurrence to 45 - 53.33% and severity to 10.42 - 11.67%. However, (CM), (Met.&amp; Ben.) fungicide, and biocontrol agent of T.h. after along solarization (60 days) controlled soilborne disease to a lesser extent than other treatments. The effectiveness of these applications combined with solarization after 60 days on the disease infection were 29.17, 20, 15, and 28.33% ,respectively. Finally, in growth chamber, application of CM and T.h. increased the quantitative composition of cfu soil fungi to 7.34 and 5×10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;in spite of inoculating with pathogenic propagules of&nbsp;<em>Fusarium</em>&nbsp;<em>proliferatum</em>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<em>Macrophomina</em><em>phaseolina</em>, and&nbsp;<em>Rhizoctonia</em>&nbsp;<em>solani</em>&nbsp;and the share of these pathogens in the both soil amendments were 13.89 and 30.9% respectively.</p> ER -