Science Journal of University of Zakho

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA: A SINGLE CENTRE STUDY

Abdulrahman A. Muhsin, Akrem M. Atrushi , Adnan A. Al-Doski — Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) assessment of molecular response to treatment, assessing minimal residual disease (MRD) is a major independent predictor of treatment outcome. Consequently, MRD is implemented in all ALL-treatment protocols to fill up or to redefine stratification of multifactorial risk with optional intensity of customized treatment.

Aim: to specify the significance of MRD in the assessment of remission in children with ALL with results discordant between morphology and flow cytometry at the end of induction phase of therapy.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Jin Oncology Center from March 2019 through November 2023. Data were taken out of the records of 58 patients who had ALL less than 16 years old. All patients were less than 16 years old and treated by ukall. They were diagnosed using peripheral blood morphology, bone marrow study and/or flow cytometry when lymphoblasts in peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate are ≥20% and was confirmed by flow cytometry. On 29th day of induction therapy, bone marrow was examined for morphology and flow cytometry. The presence or absence of MRD was determined, and CD19, CD10 and tdt were tested. By morphologic assessment they were divided patients into: Category 1, C1 (<5% blasts), Category 2, C2 (5-20% blasts), and Category 3, C3 (>20% blasts). Statistical analysis was made using SPSS version 25. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The study involved 58 patients who had ALL. with a median age of 6.5 years, male to females ratio of 1.76:1, mean platelet count of 96.6 x 10⁹/L ,mean hemoglobin of 8.6 g/dL, mean leucocyte count of 74.3 x 10⁹/L), 48 cases (82.7%) of B-cell lineage and 10 cases (17.3%) of T-cell lineage, 94.6% of the B-cell cases were of the common B-ALL and the rest Pro-BALL type, 54.6% of the T-cell ALL was cortical T-ALL and 44.4% Early T-cell ALL. They were tested for MRD by morphology and flow cytometry on day 29. By morphology, 46 patients had remission but by flow only 24 cases. Seventeen cases had residual blasts >5%. In 19 cases there was a discrepancy between the results of morphology and flow. Twenty-five cases (52.08% of B-cell cases) were positive for MRD by flow results. Eight of the ten cases of T-ALL (80%), were positive for MRD by flow cytometry. Among 48 cases of B-ALL, 36 were in C1 category (morphologically in remission), 11 cases were in C2 category and one case in the C3 category. Of cases in C1 category, 17 were MRD +ve and 19 were MRD –ve by flow cytometry. In the C2 category, only 2 out of the 11 cases (18.18%) had discordant results between morphology and flow results. The correlation between morphology and flow results was 100% in the C3 category.

Conclusion: MRD should not be the surrogate of morphology but to be used in conjunction in order to give us a more accurate representation of status of remission.

IDENTIFICATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN THE IMPORTED FROZEN POULTRY

Mohammed M. Ibrahim — Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Salmonellosis, a zoonotic illness caused by Salmonella spp., is mostly transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw animal products, particularly poultry meat. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis are the predominant strains responsible for human infection. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium infection in frozen imported poultry using a triplex PCR technique. A total of 110 samples were chosen using the cluster sampling technique from the Ibrahim Khalil border throughout the summer and autumn of 2023. Following the cultivation of the meat samples in enrichment and selective media, suspicious colonies were obtained. Subsequently, DNA extraction was conducted, and the Salmonella isolates were identified using triplex PCR. Three (3) sets of primer pairs were utilised to target the invA gene for the Salmonella genus, the prot6 gene for the S. enteritidis serovar, and the fliC gene for the S. typhimurium serovar. The prevalence of Salmonella infection in frozen poultry meat was 12% (13 out of 110 samples). Among the contaminated samples, 38% (5 out of 13) were recognised as S. enteritidis and 30% (4 out of 13) were recognised as S. typhimurium. The findings of this finding suggest that frozen poultry meat pose a significant danger for zoonotic infections caused by S. typhimurium. and S. enteritidis.

EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND MAXIGROW (ORGANIC FERTILIZER) ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF SNAKE CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS MELO. L)

Ahmed M. Ahmed — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0300

ABSTRACT:

A field trial was implemented at the research center field at general directorate of agriculture, Dohuk Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan region in summer season of (2022-2023) to find out the impact of foliar application of humic acid at three levels (0, 2, and 4) ml L^-1 and Maxigrow (an organic fertilizer) with three levels (0, 1, and 2) ml L^-1 and their combinations on outgrowth, flowering and harvest of local snake cucumber. The experiment was organized following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) including three replicates. The data displayed that the individual dose of humic acid at (4) ml.L^-1 significantly enhanced foliage traits [number of branches, stem diameter (cm), Leaf area (cm²), plant fresh weight (g), and chlorophyll content (SPAD)] as well as increased flowering characters [number of flowers after 30 days and number of flowers after 40 days] and yielded components [fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), and total yield (ton.ha^-1)]. The same profound effect was exhibited by the singular dose of Maxigrow at concentration (2) ml.L^-1. However, the highest mean values were produced from humic acid at concentration (4) ml.L^-1 in combination with Maxigrow at concentration (2) ml.L^-1 in comparison with control. The increased level of humic acid and Maxigrow is advised for organic productivity of local snake cucumber.

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND GENOTYPING OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES

Fatma Sh. Taher, Hemin E. Othman — Wed, 08 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious human pathogen that can spread in healthcare facilities and among the general public. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of SCCmec types of this superbug among hospitalized patients. This study involved phenotypic identification and molecular confirmation of S. aureus based on the nuc gene, molecular detection of MRSA, SCCmec typing, and virulence factor profiling of MRSA clinical isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Duhok province. Out of the 310 enrolled patients, 33 isolates (10.64%) were identified and confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus, of which 51.5% were identified as MRSA based on phenotypic and molecular targeting of the mecA gene. There were no discernible variations between the prevalence rates of this pathogen in different clinical sources, sexes, or age groups (p-values: 0.71, 0.39, and 0.15 respectively). The isolates had elevated rates of resistance to most antibiotic classes. They were classified as extensive drug-resistant (30.3%), multidrug-resistant (57.5%), and non-multidrug-resistant (12.1%). Additionally, SCCmec typing of MRSA by multiplex PCR identified three different SCCmec types and subtypes, including SCCmec type II (35.5%), followed by 17.64% of SCCmec type IV subtype d (IVd), and SCCmec type III (11.76%). However, 35.3% of the MRSA isolates were found to be non-typeable. Molecular profiling of major virulence factors and toxin genes revealed that 57.5% of the isolates were positive for the exfolitative toxin (ETA), 45.4% of the isolates carried TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1), the PVL (Panton-Valentine Leukocidin) cytotoxin was identified in 15% of the isolates, and 18.1% of the identified S. aureus isolates were positive for the ACME (arginine catabolic mobile element). The findings of the current investigation pointed out the circulating of highly virulent and extensively resistant MRSA strains among hospitalized patients, which may require active surveillance and better control policies

IMMERSIVE AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS IN JAW AND KNEE REPLACEMENT SURGERY: ACCURACY AND PROCESSING TIME RESULTS

Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In medicine and healthcare, augmented reality (AR) has been used by physicians during surgical procedures. It has proved
helpful in preoperative planning and procedure navigation by allowing them to display in-depth information and visualize
details in real time during surgery, prioritizing patient safety and healthcare. Due to the critical nature of surgical procedures,
extreme accuracy is required when using ar technology to maintain patients' health. A few years ago, ar faced several
challenges and limitations in surgeries, such as noise in real-time images, cutting errors, navigation errors, wrong implant
placement, overlay errors, navigating narrow areas, geometric accuracy limitations, image alignment, image registration,
and occlusion handling. This paper reviews several recently published articles exploring ar technology usage in jaw and
knee replacement surgery, focusing on identifying the newest technologies, methods, and solutions for the abovementioned
limitations. Based on data collected from the published papers, the results were compared for each problem solved in each
article regarding accuracy and processing time.

BIOINFORMATICS AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES IDENTIFIED THE CONTROL REGION AS THE MOST POWERFUL MITOGENOMIC MARKER FOR DISTINGUISHING THE MAIN MATERNAL HAPLOGROUPS IN GOATS

Sarbast I. Mustafa — Wed, 15 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Identification of genetic markers to distinguish animals within and between species demands extensive genomic and bioinformatics investigation. Previous studies have not carefully taken into consideration the effect of mitogenomic components on the genetic differentiation of the maternal lineages in goats. As a precaution, the complete goat mitogenome was downloaded from the NCBI database and used in the current study to assess the effects of the choice of mitogenomic fragments on phylogenetic studies and to identify any potential polymorphic region by which the main maternal haplogroups of goats can be classified. Phylogenetic results confirmed that all 13 individual mitochondrial protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal genes are not applicable to differentiate the maternal lineages. Instead, a single novel polymorphic region with a length of 756 bp within the control region was successfully amplified by newly designed primers. Both phylogenetic analysis and principal components analysis of the sequenced mitogenomic region of the mtDNA control region efficiently differentiated the main maternal haplogroups in goats. Higher numbers of polymorphic sites were found in the control region and the mitogenomic marker region. Highly significant correlations were discovered between the polymorphic sites and the length of each individual mitogenomic component. Our results demonstrate useful guidance and cautionary notes for researchers who are interested in the investigation of genetic diversity in animal species using mtDNA sequences. The bioinformatics and molecular methods used herein can be powerful in selecting a minimum amount of data using PCR amplification when the entire sequences of the mitogenome are unavailable.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, DFT, AND BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF NEW XANTHATE COMPLEXES WITH NITROGEN BASES

Mohammed M. Molla-Babaker, Maher Khalid, Saad.E. AL-Mukhtar — Thu, 23 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study introduces a new series of complexes and adducts, denoted by [M(2-PhOEtXant)₂.nL], where M represents Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), or Ni(II), and the ligand (2-PhOEtXant) is 2-Phenoxyethylxanthate. Varying ligands, including pyridine, piperidine, quinoline, ethylenediamine, and (1,10)-phenanthroline, are explored based on the value of n. Comprehensive characterization, encompassing techniques like ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FTIR, AA, CHN analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, and magnetic property measurements, is employed. Results indicate an octahedral geometry for these complexes, as revealed by effective magnetic moment measurements and electronic spectra analysis. The compounds exhibit noteworthy antioxidant properties, demonstrated through the DPPH radical scavenging method, highlighting their potential as effective antioxidants. Moreover, the complexes display enhanced antibacterial activity against microbial strains compared to free ligands. This research not only delves into the coordination chemistry of these complexes but also underscores their diverse applications. Combining experimental methods with computational insights using Density Functional Theory (DFT) enhances the understanding of dithiolate transition metal complexes. The alignment of computational and experimental outcomes strengthens the reliability of the findings, laying a robust foundation for interdisciplinary exploration. The identified potential applications in optoelectronics, along with the notable antioxidant and antibacterial activities, position these complexes as promising contenders for advanced technologies and scientific applications.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EFFICIENTNETV2 MODELS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL BENIGN BREAST CANCER IMAGES

Oluwasegun A. Abioye, Abraham E. Evwiekpaefe, Awujoola J. Awujoola — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In the field of breast cancer diagnosis, the precise classification of benign images plays a pivotal role in ensuring effective patient care. This research undertakes a detailed examination of EfficientNetV2 models, specifically focusing on their ability to discern benign histopathology breast cancer images. The dataset were carefully curated to include diverse benign cases such as adenosis, fibroadenoma, phyllodes_tumor, and tubular_adenoma of image level for 40X magnification factor underwent thorough preprocessing before being divided into training and testing sets. Various variants of the EfficientNetV2 model—EfficientNetV2B0, EfficientNetV2B1, EfficientNetV2B2, EfficientNetV2B3, EfficientNetV2S, EfficientNetV2M, and EfficientNetV2L—were trained on the designated dataset. The performance evaluation shows the intricacies of the efficiency of each model. Notably, EfficientNetV2L emerged as a standout performer, boasting impressive metrics such as Accuracy (0.97), Precision (0.97), Recall (0.97), F1-score (0.97). These findings underscore the potential of EfficientNetV2L as a robust tool for accurately discerning benign histopathology breast cancer images. This study contributes significant insights to the field of breast cancer diagnostics, particularly addressing the critical task of classifying benign cases accurately. The gained insights pave the way for improved decision-making in assessments, ultimately enhancing the overall efficacy of breast cancer diagnosis.

THE EFFICENCY OF A MANUAL CHAINSAW PERFORMING UTILIZATION OPERATIONS OF POPLAR TREES IN ZAKHO, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ

Mohammedamin Y. Taha — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In Poplar plantations, manual tree harvesting techniques (using chainsaws) are still utilized, especially on gentle terrain or for smaller trees, where automated felling may not be a possible or safe option. The most important variables affecting the productivity of motor-manual felling, a global survey show that terrain slope, understory density, distance to trees, and diameter at breast height (DBH) are the most major variables influencing the productivity of manual tree felling. In harvesting activities like felling, delimbing, and bucking, skilled workers are required. Chainsaw use is associated with timber harvesting activities including felling, delimbing, and bucking in forest areas. The chainsaw felling hourly output was 0.4546 m³/h, the delimbing hourly production was 0.482 m³/h, and the bucking hourly production was 0.753 m³/h. As tree DBH increased, chainsaw productivity also increased. In the present study, the utilization rate and chain saw productivity hours (PMH) were 8.25 hours and 71%, respectively. Regression models' calibration and validation procedures for many aspects of tree utilization were used to develop the mathematical models between the above-mentioned process included in utilization as dependent variables and both DBH and total height of trees as independent variables. The coefficient of determination was used to test the efficiency of the calibration and validation of the developed models in the estimation of the dependent variables, the most acceptable Equation No. 11 with a 91.86 coefficient of determination(R²). Planning for sustainable harvesting can be influenced by the primary suggestions for improving motor-manual felling productivity.

POLYMORPHISMS IN THE ACE2 AND IL-6 GENES AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SEVERE COVID-19 AMONG ERBIL HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS

Khlood N. Saeed, Bushra H. Shnawa, Adnan I. Al-Badran — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a transmissible illness caused worldwide pandemic. This virus invades host cells via receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, the viral infection stimulates the production of a variety of cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6). The main aim of this work is to investigate the connection between COVID-19 and polymorphism of ACE2 (rs2106809 and rs2285666) and IL-6 (-174 G/C) (rs1800795) genes in a group of patients. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood of 60 hospitalized patients and 22 controls, the ACE2 and IL-6 genes were amplified by PCR, and the products were sequenced. The data demonstrated a significant variation in the genotype frequency of ACE2 between COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.The ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism outcomes expressed the frequency of three genotypes (TT, TC, and CC), the patients with the TC allele are at risk of developing the disease by approximately 8-folds (OR= 7.5) compared to those with TT and CC alleles. Furthermore, no significant association was found between ACE2 (rs2285666) polymorphism and the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 which showed a frequency of (AA, AG, and GG) alleles. Additionally, there was no noticeable linkage between the (GG, CC, and CG) genotypes of IL-6 (−174 G/C) (rs1800795) and the hazard of contracting COVID-19. In conclusion, this investigation confirmed that the TC genotype of ACE2 (rs2106809) polymorphism represents a risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 and proposed to perform a critical action in the severity of pathogenicity in Iraqi Kurdish people.

THE EFFECT OF FEATURE EXTRACTION ON COVID-19 CLASSIFICATION

Rebin A. Hamaamin, Shakhawan H. Wady, Ali W. Kareem Sangawi — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

X-ray imaging stands as a prominent technique for diagnosing COVID-19, and it also serves as a crucial tool in the medical field for the analysis of various diseases. Numerous approaches are available to facilitate this analysis. Among these techniques, one involves the utilization of a Feature Extractor, which effectively captures pertinent characteristics from X-ray images. In a recent study, a comprehensive examination was conducted using 25 distinct feature extractors on X-ray images specific to COVID-19 cases. These images were categorized into two classes: COVID-19-positive and non-COVID-19. To enable a thorough evaluation, a sequence of machine learning classifiers was employed on these categorized images. The outcomes derived from this experimentation gauged the magnitude of impact that each individual feature exerted on COVID-19-related imagery. This assessment aimed to determine the efficacy levels of various feature extractors in terms of detection capability. Consequently, a distinction emerged between the more effective and less effective feature extractors, shedding light on their varying degrees of contribution to the detection process. Moreover, the comparative performance of different classifiers became evident, revealing the classifiers that exhibited superior performance when measured against their counterparts.

QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF RUNNING CADENCE ON BIOMECHANICS, PERFORMANCE, AND INJURY RISK: A PHYSICS-BASED ANALYSIS

Rayan B. Mohammed Ameen — Thu, 06 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Running cadence is crucial in running biomechanics and physiology, impacting performance and injury risk. The relationship between running cadence, height, weight, and gender is explored using data from 29 participants (14 males, 15 females) with varying attributes. Taller individuals tend to have a lower cadence due to longer stride length, while fewer steps are required by heavier individuals at the same pace. A higher cadence is observed in males, possibly due to differences in leg length and muscle fiber composition, although considerable variability exists among individuals of both genders.

Linear regression analysis revealed robust models for both genders, with negative correlations between cadence and height, indicating that increased cadence correlates with decreased height for males and females. Females typically have higher BMI than males, with BMI variability in the population. Weight influences running cadence by affecting ground force. Heavier individuals may take fewer steps, but risk increased strain on joints and muscles, raising injury risk.

Furthermore, the connection between running cadence and injury risk is investigated. It is found that adjusting cadence significantly reduces stress on weight-bearing joints and prevents common overuse running injuries. It is demonstrated by several reputable studies in the field that even minor cadence increases greatly reduce stress on knee and hip joints during running, making it a commendable method for injury prevention.

In conclusion, while height and weight impact running cadence, each person's cadence is unique and influenced by various factors beyond gender alone. Understanding the relationship between running cadence and its impact on injury prevention is crucial for runners seeking to improve performance and avoid injuries.

CORRELATION OF COVID-19 TO LUNG INFECTIONS AND PREDICTION OF LUNG INFECTIONS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS IN IRAQ USING DATA MINING METHODS

Shivan S. Alomadi, Jihan A. Ahmed Rasool — Sun, 23 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The Covid-19 pandemic emerged as an unforeseen global crisis, exerting a profound influence on various aspects of human life. Hence, the need for collaborative efforts and scholarly investigations to address and alleviate the challenges arising from this crisis is crucial. One notable concern pertains to lung infections, which are recognized as a highly perilous consequence of the aforementioned virus. Thus, this study aims to investigate the potential correlation between Covid-19 and lung infections, and test the efficacy of various algorithms in predicting lung infections amongst Covid-19 patients. For this purpose, data has been procured from multiple health institutions in Iraq. Using this data, a robust correlation between Covid-19 and lung infection cases was found and the bagging, boosting, naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbour, J48, random forest, PART, and logistic regression algorithms showcased a high accuracy in prediction lung infection in Covid-19 patients, with naïve Bayes achieving the highest accuracy of 93.41 percent.

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALICYLIC ACID AND DROUGHT IMPACTS ON MAIN PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)

Sun, 23 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study covered 2 locations, using 3 replications with randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a split-plot factorial arrangement, to determine the effect of both irrigation (I₁, I₂, & I₃) and salicylic acid application (S₁), and non-SA (S₀) treatments, respectively, on sunflower seed oil % and main phytochemical components %, at ache-forming, flowering, and vegetative stages, compared to complete irrigation (I₄). SA applied with full irrigation resulted in the highest values of seed oil % and overwhelming majority phytochemical components. On the contrary, the lowest values were noted by none (SA) application with skipping irrigation at the flowering-stage (I₂S₀).

ENHANCING KURDISH SIGN LANGUAGE RECOGNITION THROUGH RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFIER AND NOISE REDUCTION VIA SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION (SVD)

Sara A. Ahmed, Bozhin N. Mahmood, Diar J. Mahmood, Mohammed M. Namq — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Deaf people around the world face difficulty communicating with others. Hence, they use their own language to communicate with each other. This paper introduces a new approach for Kurdish sign language recognition using the random forest classifier algorithm aiming to facilitate communication for deaf communities to communicate with others without relying on human interpreters. On the other side, for further enhancement of the images captured during recognition linear algebra techniques have been used such as singular value decomposition for image compression and Moore–Penrose inverse for blur removal. Kurdish language has 34 alphabets and (10 numeric numbers 10, . . . ,3 ,2 ,1). Additionally, three extra signs have been created and added to the dataset, such as space, backspace, and delete sentences for the purpose of real-time translation. A collection of 800 images has been gathered for each character, out of 800 images, only 80 per character were used due to their similar positions but varied alignment, totalling 3,520 images for the dataset (44 characters 80 images each). Two simulation scenarios were carried out: one with optimal conditions - a white background and adequate lighting, and another with challenges such as complex backgrounds and varied lighting angles. Both achieved high match rates of 96% and 87%, respectively. Further, a classification report analyzed precision, recall, and F1 score metrics.

THE LACK OF CORRELATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BETWEEN NON-CPG METHYLATION AND DIABETES RISK FACTORS, LIPID PROFILE, KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST, HBA1C, AND RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR

Harem O. Smail — Mon, 24 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are two hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complicated metabolic disease. The purpose of the current investigation was to identify Non-CPG methylation in the ABCC8 and CAPN10 promoter regions.

Method: Fifty people were divided into two groups: thirty-five were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and fifteen were control group. Utilizing direct bisulfite sequencing to identify Non-CPG methylation in the promoter region and determine the extent of DNA methylation. To ascertain whether a result was statistically significant at the level of significance 0.05, the T-independent test, Spearman's correlation, and Chi square tests were performed.

Results: Hypermethylation of DNA has been found in the diabetes promoter region of the CAPN10 and ABCC8 genes compared to the healthy group. Furthermore, Non-CPG methylation in both genes and the statistically significant CAPN10 gene has not been linked to risk factors or biochemical indicators.

Conclusion: This study concluded that the biochemical biomarkers and risk factors did not influence Non-CPG methylation of selected genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus