Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in Duhok City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.540Keywords:
MRSA, Food handlers, Prevalence, DuhokAbstract
Food handlers harbouring S. aureus on their noses or in hands are considered as the main source of food contamination. Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is a serious issue. The study aimed to find out the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus among food handlers in restaurants of Duhok city. Nasal and hand swabs were taken from 200 food handlers. The collected swabs inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37oC for 24-48h. Isolates identified as S. aureus underwent antimicrobial sensitivity testing to methicillin and vancomycin on Mueller Hinton agar. A total of 74 (37%) out of 200 cultures of food handlers were found to be colonized with S. aureus.53 (26.5%) isolated from the nose, compared with 8 (4.0%) from hands and 13 (6.5%) from both. 27% of the food handlers were found to be MRSA carrier, and none of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycin. The study revealed a high prevalence of MRSA among food handlers in Duhok city. Food handlers in public places are required to go through regular screening for both nasal and skin carriage of S. aureusfor the early detection and treatment of carriers. So as to protect the community from staphylococcal food poisoning and the spread of resistant S. aureus strains among the population.
References
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Hussein N R, Assafi M S, Ijaz T (2010). Methicillin-resistant
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Johansson PJ, Gustafsson EB, Ringberg H (2007). High prevalence of MRSA in household contacts. Scand Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39(9):764-8.
Kasturwar N B and Shafee M (2011). Knowledge, Practices and Prevalence of MRSA among Food Handlers. International Journal of Biological Medical Research, 2(4): 889 -894.
Loeto D, Matsheka M I , Gashe B A (2017). Enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance determination of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food handlers in Gaborone, Botswana. Journal of Food Protection,70(12): 2764-8.
Mainous A G, Hueston WJ, Everett C J, Diaz V A (2006). Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus in the United States, 2001-2002. Annals of Family Medicine,4: 132-7. DOI: 10.1370/afm.526.
Mossong J, Decruyenaere F, Moris G, Ragimbeau C, Olinger C, Johler S et al (2015). Investigation of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak combining case-control, traditional typing and whole genome sequencing methods, Luxembourg, June 2014. Euro Sur veil, 20(45): pp.30059. DOI: Http:// dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917. ES. 2015.20.45.30059
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Saeed AY (2015). Enterotoxigenicity and antibiogram profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in restaurants and cafeterias in Duhok city, Iraq. Journal of American science, 11(3s) : 21-24.
Shokouhi S, Darazam I, Zamanian M H (2017). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary center, Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 22(1): 71. DOI: 10.4103/ jrms. JRMS_833_16.
Simsek Z, Koruk I, Copur A C, Gürses G (2009). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Anatolia. Journal of public health management and Practice, 15(6): 518-23.
Tiwari HK and Sen MR (2006). Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from northern part of India. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6:156.
Udo E E, Al-Mufti S, Albert M J (2009). The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in Kuwait City restaurants. BMC research notes,2(1): 108. doi: 10. 1186/1756-0500-2-108.
Vandepitte J, Verhaegen K, Engbaek P, Rohner P, Piot C (2003). Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology. 2th ed. Geneva: WHO. pp. 111-7.
Vatansever L, Sezer Ç, Bilge N (2016). Carriage rate and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers in Kars City, Turkey . Springer Plus, 5(1): 608. DOI 10.1186/s40064-016-2278-2.
Wolde T, Abate M, Mehari L (2016) . Prevalence and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers of Jigjiga University Student’s Cafeteria. IJSRET, 2(1): 476-8.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO Estimates of The Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007-2015. Geneva: WHO.
Yan X, Song Y, Yu X, Tao X, Yan J, Luo F et al, (2015). Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among healthy people in Northern China. Clincal Microbiology Infection, 21: 157 – 162. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j. cmi. 2014.08.023.
Ahmed O B and Mashat B H (2014). Prevalence of classical enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in Makkah city kitchens. Asian Journal of Science and Technology. Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia., 5(11): 727-73.
Aryee A and Edgeworth J D (2017). Carriage, Clinical Microbiology and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus. In: Bagnoli F, Rappuoli R, Grandi G, editors. Staphylococcus aureus: Microbiology, Pathology, Immunology, Therapy and Prophylaxis. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.pp.1-14. DOI 10.1007/82_2016_5.
Askari Z, Sadeghian A, Sadeghian H, Ghazvini K, Safdari H (2012). Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Hospital Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Mashhad-Iran During 2009 – 2011. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases,7(3): 96-8.DOI: 10.5812 /archcid.14468.
Assafi MS, Mohammed RQ, Hussein NR (2015). Nasal Carriage Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and CA-Methicillin Resistant S. aureus among University Students. Journal of Microbiology Research ,5(4): 12327.DOI: 10.5923/j.icrobiology.20150504.01.
Assafi MS, Polse RF, Hussein NR, Haji AH, Issa AR (2017).The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonisation and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern amongst primary school pupils .Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(1):7-10.
Alsamarai A M, Abbas H M, Attia QM (2015). Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staph aureus in food provider in restaurant at Samara city. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4 (06): 50-58.
Braga ED, Aguiar-Alves F, de Freitas Mde F, de e Silva MO, Correa TV, Snyder RE et al, (2014). High prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus colonization among Healthy children attending public day care centers in informal settlements in a large urban center in Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases,6;14:538. doi: 10. 1186/ 1471-2334-14-538.
Castro A, Santos C, Meireles H, Silva J, Teixeira P (2015). Food handlers as potential sources of dissemination of virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the community. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 9: 153-160.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. Wayne, Pennsylvania.
Dagnew M, Tiruneh M, Moges F, Tekeste Z (2012). Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working at Gondar University, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC public Health, 12(1): 837.doi: 10.1186/1471 -2458-12-837.
Directorate of Preventive Health Affairs (2017). Department of Health Inspection. DPHA, Duhok.
El-Shenawy M, Tawfeek M, El-Hosseiny L, El-Shenawy M, Farag A, Baghdadi H, et al. (2014) Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology,4(1): Article ID: 43014, 7pages.DOI:10.4236/ojmm.2014.41003.
Emeakaroha, Chioma M, Nkwocha, Gertrude I, Adieze, Chibuzo N et al, (2017). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasal and throat carriage among food handlers at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 6(3): 1-7.
Ferreira J S, Costa W L, Cerqueira E S, Carvalho J S, Oliveira L C Almeida R C (2014). Food handler-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Food Control, 37: 395-400. doi.org/ 10. 1016 /j. foodcont.2013.09.062.
Habeeb A, Hussein NR, Assai MS, Al-Dabbagh SA (2014). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4(2): 59-63. doi: 10.5799/ ahinjs. 02. 2014. 02.0128.
Habiballah M A, Al-Shakhsheer F, Al-Ababneh M M (2017). Restaurant Employees’ Food Handling Practices in Irbid City, Jordan. J Tourism and Hospitality Management ,5(1): 81-89. doi. org/ 10.15640/jthm. v5n1a9.
Hatakka M, Björkroth K J, Asplund K, Mäki-Petäys N, Korkeala H J (2000). Genotypes and enterotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the hands and nasal cavities of flight-catering employees. Journal of food protection, 63(11): 1487-91.
Hussein N R, Assafi M S, Ijaz T (2010). Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonisation amongst healthcare workers in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 9: 78-81. doi.org/ 10. 1016 / j. jgar.2017.01.010.
Johansson PJ, Gustafsson EB, Ringberg H (2007). High prevalence of MRSA in household contacts. Scand Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39(9):764-8.
Kasturwar N B and Shafee M (2011). Knowledge, Practices and Prevalence of MRSA among Food Handlers. International Journal of Biological Medical Research, 2(4): 889 -894.
Loeto D, Matsheka M I , Gashe B A (2017). Enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance determination of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food handlers in Gaborone, Botswana. Journal of Food Protection,70(12): 2764-8.
Mainous A G, Hueston WJ, Everett C J, Diaz V A (2006). Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus in the United States, 2001-2002. Annals of Family Medicine,4: 132-7. DOI: 10.1370/afm.526.
Mossong J, Decruyenaere F, Moris G, Ragimbeau C, Olinger C, Johler S et al (2015). Investigation of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak combining case-control, traditional typing and whole genome sequencing methods, Luxembourg, June 2014. Euro Sur veil, 20(45): pp.30059. DOI: Http:// dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917. ES. 2015.20.45.30059
Omololu-Aso J, Omololu-Aso O O, Otusanya O O, Ochada H C, Shesha A (2017). Nasal Colonization of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers in the Eateries Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, 3(1:9): 1-4. DOI: 10.4172/2472-1921.100043.
Saeed AY (2015). Enterotoxigenicity and antibiogram profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in restaurants and cafeterias in Duhok city, Iraq. Journal of American science, 11(3s) : 21-24.
Shokouhi S, Darazam I, Zamanian M H (2017). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary center, Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 22(1): 71. DOI: 10.4103/ jrms. JRMS_833_16.
Simsek Z, Koruk I, Copur A C, Gürses G (2009). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Anatolia. Journal of public health management and Practice, 15(6): 518-23.
Tiwari HK and Sen MR (2006). Emergence of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from a tertiary care hospital from northern part of India. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6:156.
Udo E E, Al-Mufti S, Albert M J (2009). The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in Kuwait City restaurants. BMC research notes,2(1): 108. doi: 10. 1186/1756-0500-2-108.
Vandepitte J, Verhaegen K, Engbaek P, Rohner P, Piot C (2003). Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology. 2th ed. Geneva: WHO. pp. 111-7.
Vatansever L, Sezer Ç, Bilge N (2016). Carriage rate and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers in Kars City, Turkey . Springer Plus, 5(1): 608. DOI 10.1186/s40064-016-2278-2.
Wolde T, Abate M, Mehari L (2016) . Prevalence and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers of Jigjiga University Student’s Cafeteria. IJSRET, 2(1): 476-8.
World Health Organization (2015). WHO Estimates of The Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007-2015. Geneva: WHO.
Yan X, Song Y, Yu X, Tao X, Yan J, Luo F et al, (2015). Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among healthy people in Northern China. Clincal Microbiology Infection, 21: 157 – 162. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j. cmi. 2014.08.023.
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2018-12-30
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Abdulrahman, M. A., & Taher, A. I. (2018). Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in Duhok City. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 6(4), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.540
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