BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIETARY WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENT ON FEMALE RATS: ADIOS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1294Keywords:
Adios, Supplements, Weight loss, Adverse effect, Kidney, LiverAbstract
Herbal and dietary supplements are commonly used throughout the world; these unlicensed supplements are not recommended due to concerns about their clinical efficacy and safety. Adios are marketed for weight loss in Iraq and many other countries and are commonly used by women. The safety of these weight loss aids is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate adios adverse effects by conducting biochemical, hematological, and histological examinations on the liver and kidney. Rats were orally administrated for 30 days with different concentrations of adios supplements (0.001g/100g), (0.002g/100g), and (0.003g/100g) as low (LD) medium (MD) and high (HD) concentrations, respectively. The results showed no weight loss in rats over 30 days across experiments in all the treated groups (LD, MD, and HD) compared to the control. Adios showed significant differences between the control and the treated concentrations in the following hematological parameters: white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte (LYM), and red cell distribution width (RDW) in a dose-dependent pattern. Furthermore, there were various alteration in the histopathological examination of the kidney and liver. From the current data, it can be concluded that adios has zero efficacy in weight loss and is not recommended for use because it has adverse effects on many hematological and biochemical parameters and with obvious pathological changes in both the kidney and liver.
References
Allison, D. B., Fontaine, K. R., Heshka, S., Mentore, J. L., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2001). Alternative treatments for weight loss: a critical review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 41(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/20014091091661.
Alraei, R. (2010). Herbal and Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss. Topics in Clinical Nutrition. 25. 136–150. 10.1097/TIN.0b013e3181dbb85e.
Armelle T. Mbaveng, Qiaoli Zhao, Victor Kuete. (2014). Harmful and Protective Effects of Phenolic Compounds from African Medicinal Plants.Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants.Elsevier. Pages 577-609.ISBN 9780128000182.
Besharat S, Besharat M, Jabbari A Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) toxicity Case Reports (2009).bcr0620080134.
Bello, N., Winit-Watjana, W., Baqir, W., & McGarry, K. (2012). Disclosure and adverse effects of complementary and alternative medicine used by hospitalized patients in the North East of England. Pharmacy Practice, 10(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552012000300002.
Blanck, H. M., Khan, L. K., & Serdula, M. K. (2001). Use of nonprescription weight loss products: results from a multistate survey. JAMA, 286(8), 930–935. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.8.930.
Bonetti, G., Herbst, K. L., Donato, K., Dhuli, K., Kiani, A. K., Aquilanti, B., Velluti, V., Matera, G., Iaconelli, A., & Bertelli, M. (2022). Dietary supplements for obesity. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 63(2 Suppl 3), E160–E168. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2757.
Catarino, M. D., Silva, A. M. S., & Cardoso, S. M. (2018). Phycochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Fucus spp. Marine drugs, 16(8), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080249.
Che, C. T., Wang, Z. J., Chow, M. S., & Lam, C. W. (2013). Herb-herb combination for therapeutic enhancement and advancement: theory, practice and future perspectives. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 18(5), 5125–5141. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055125.
Connolly, H. M., Crary, J. L., McGoon, M. D., Hensrud, D. D., Edwards, B. S., Edwards, W. D., & Schaff, H. V. (1997). Valvular heart disease is associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. The New England journal of medicine, 337(9), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199708283370901.
Eliason, B. C. , Doenier, A. J., Nuhlicek, D. N.(1994). Desiccated Thyroid in a Nutritional Supplement. J Fam Pract.(38) 3.
Eliason, M. J., Eichner, A., Cancio, A., Bestervelt, L., Adams, B. D., & Deuster, P. A. (2012). Case reports: Death of active-duty soldiers following ingestion of dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Military medicine, 177(12), 1455–1459. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00265.
Etim, N.N., Williams, M.E., Akpabio, U., & Offiong, E.E. (2014). Hematological Parameters and Factors Affecting Their Values. Agricultural Science, 2, 37-47.
Fernández, J., Lagos, P., Rivera, P. and Zamorano-Ponce, E. (2009), Effect of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) infusion on lipoperoxidation induced by cisplatin in mice liver. Phytother. Res., 23: 1024-1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2746.
Fitton, J.H.; Stringer, D.N.; Karpiniec, S.S. (2015).Therapies from Fucoidan: An Update. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 5920-5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13095920.
Gille, L., Monzote, L., Stamberg, W., & Staniek, K. (2010). Toxicity of ascaridole from Chenopodium ambrosioides in mammalian mitochondria. BMC Pharmacology, 10(Suppl 1), A10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2210-10-S1-A10.
Haaz, S., Fontaine, K. R., Cutter, G., Limdi, N., Perumean-Chaney, S., & Allison, D. B. (2006). Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 7(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00195.x.
Karakuş, A., Değer, Y., & Yıldırım, S. (2017). Protective effect of Silybum marianum and Taraxacum officinale extracts against oxidative kidney injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Renal failure, 39(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1244070.
Lai, M. N., Lai, J. N., Chen, P. C., Tseng, W. L., Chen, Y. Y., Hwang, J. S., & Wang, J. D. (2009). Increased risks of chronic kidney disease associated with prescribed Chinese herbal products suspected to contain aristolochic acid. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 14(2), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01061.x.
Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland Area Prescribing Committee-NHS (n.d).Adios,Last acess 12/12/2023.Aveilable on https://www.areaprescribingcommitteeleicesterleicestershirerutland.nhs.uk/search/?_search_terms=adios.
Lenz, T. L., & Hamilton, W. R. (2004). Supplemental products used for weight loss. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: JAPhA, 44(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1331/154434504322713246.
Lim, J.D.; Lee, S.R.; Kim, T.; Jang, S.-A.; Kang, S.C.; Koo, H.J.; Sohn, E.; Bak, J.P.; Namkoong, S.; Kim, H.K.; et al.(2015) Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus Protects against Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage by Modulating Inflammatory Mediators in Mice and HepG2 Cells. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 1051-1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13021051.
Leung, A. Y. (1980). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used In food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley.
Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Sashima, T., Funayama, K., & Miyashita, K. (2005). Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows an antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 332(2), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.002.
Maliakal, P. P., & Wanwimolruk, S. (2001). Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 53(10), 1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011777819.
Miłek, M., Marcinčáková, D., Legáth, J. (2019). Polyphenols Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Taraxacum officinale Extracts Prepared through the Micelle-Mediated Extraction Method. Molecules. 24(6):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061025.
Modaresi, M., & Resalatpour, N. (2012). The Effect of Taraxacum officinale Hydroalcoholic Extract on Blood Cells in Mice. Advances in Hematology, 2012.
Muñoz O. Montes M. & Wilkomirsky T. (2001). Plantas medicinales de uso en chile : química y farmacología (1.). Universidad de Chile Vicerrectoría de Asuntos Académicos Comité de Publicaciones Científicas : Editorial Universitaria.
Nair, A. B., & Jacob, S. (2016). A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and humans. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy, 7(2), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.177703.
National Health Services (NHS)- Adios tablets (Dendron Brands Ltd). Last access on 12/12/2023.Avialble on https://dmd-browser.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/amp/view/40210?ref=YW.
Neil Bowdler-BC News (2010). Slimming pills: Do the claims add up? Last access on 12/12/2014.Available on https://www.bbc.com/news/10241981.
Nigatu, T. A., Afework, M., Urga, K., Ergete, W., & Makonnen, E. (2017). Toxicological investigation of acute and chronic treatment with Gnidia stenophylla Gilg root extract on some blood parameters and histopathology of spleen, liver, and kidney in mice. BMC Research Notes, 10(1), 625. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2964-3.
Nortadas, R., & Barata, J. (2011). Herbal therapy-induced toxic hepatitis–a case report. Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna, 18(2), 89-92.
Olas B. (2022). New Perspectives on the Effect of Dandelion, Its Food Products and Other Preparations on the Cardiovascular System and Its Diseases. Nutrients, 14(7), 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071350.
Oliveira Sá, A., Pimentel, T., & Oliveira, N. (2020). Boldo-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Case of Unexplained Jaundice. European journal of case reports in internal medicine, 7(12), 002116. https://doi.org/10.12890/2020_002116.
Piscaglia, F., Leoni, S., Venturi, A., Graziella, F., Donati, G., & Bolondi, L. (2005). Caution in the use of boldo in herbal laxatives: a case of hepatotoxicity. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 40(2), 236-239.
Pozharitskaya, O. N., Shikov, A. N., Faustova, N. M., Obluchinskaya, E. D., Kosman, V. M., Vuorela, H., & Makarov, V. G. (2018). Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distribution of Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus after Oral Administration to Rats. Marine drugs, 16(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16040132.
Rajashekar, V. (2009). Novel nutritional interventions in the manipulation of energy expenditure and blood glucose regulation in humans. PhD thesis University of Westminster School of Life Sciences https://doi.org/10.34737/90z1y.
Ramos-Peralonso, M. J. (2014). European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iodine. EFSA J, 12, 1-57. EFSA J, 12, 1–57.https://doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3660.
Relton, C., Li, J., Strong, M. (2014) Deprivation, clubs, and drugs: results of a UK regional population-based cross-sectional study of weight management strategies. BMC Public Health 14, (444). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-444.
Roytman, M. M., Pörzgen, P., Lee, C. L., Huddleston, L., Kuo, T. T., Bryant-Greenwood, P., Wong, L. L., & Tsai, N. (2014). The outbreak of severe hepatitis is linked to the weight-loss supplement OxyELITE Pro. The American journal of gastroenterology, 109(8), 1296–1298. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.159.
s, D. I., Chang, A., Viray, M., Chatham-Stephens, K., He, H., Taylor, E., Wong, L. L., Schier, J., Martin, C., Fabricant, D., Salter, M., Lewis, L., & Park, S. Y. (2016). Hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ - Hawaii, 2013. Drug testing and analysis, 8(3-4), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1894.
Saper, R. B., Eisenberg, D. M., & Phillips, R. S. (2004). Common dietary supplements for weight loss. American family physician, 70(9), 1731–1738.
Schütz, K., Carle,R., & Schieber,A. (2006). Taraxacum—A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,107(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021.
Shin, M. R., Kim, M. J., Park, H. J., Han, J., & Roh, S. S. (2021). Beneficial Effect of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai via the Activation of LKB1-AMPK Signaling Pathway on Obesity. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 2021, 6655599. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6655599.
Speisky, H., & Cassels, B. K. (1994). Boldo and boldine: an emerging case of natural drug development. Pharmacological Research, 29(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(94)80093-6.
Suvarna, K. S., Layton C., and Bancroft J. D.( 2018). Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 8th ed. China: Elsevier Health Sciences. (Chapters 4, 6, 9, 10).
Vodouhè, M.; Marois, J.; Guay, V.; Leblanc, N.; Weisnagel, S.J.; Bilodeau, J.-F.; Jacques, H. (2022) Marginal Impact of Brown Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extract on Metabolic and Inflammatory Response in Overweight and Obese Prediabetic Subjects. Mar. Drugs, 20, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030174.
Woo, M. N., Jeon, S. M., Shin, Y. C., Lee, M. K., Kang, M. A., & Choi, M. S. (2009). Anti-obese property of fucoxanthin is partly mediated by altering lipid-regulating enzymes and uncoupling proteins of visceral adipose tissue in mice. Molecular nutrition & food research, 53(12), 1603–1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900079.
Yang, B., Xie, Y., Guo, M., Rosner, M. H., Yang, H., & Ronco, C. (2018). Nephrotoxicity and Chinese Herbal Medicine. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 13(10), 1605–1611. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11571017.
Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Xu, Z., Niu, X., & Zhang, H. (2003). Effects of fucoidan on chronic renal failure in rats. Planta
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Noor A. Mohammed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.
