IMPACT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES AND BODY MASS INDEX ON SKIN BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF CORONAVIRUS PATIENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.3.1306Keywords:
Body mass index, COVID-19, coronavirus, gender, patients, skin moistureAbstract
Once the pandemic started, there were no clues regarding overall COVID-19 infections. There are no studies that demonstrate the effects of COVID-19 on skin surface pH, moisture, sebum, and temperature in terms of gender differences and body mass index (BMI) among infected people. The goal of this study was to investigate some of the skin biophysical scores of patients infected with COVID-19 and evaluate the impact of gender differences and the body mass index on them. Skin surface sebum, pH, temperature, and hydration (moisture), were measured in 30 COVID-19 patients using employing non-invasive portable devices. Insignificant effects of gender differences and BMI on skin biophysical properties were observed. In addition, females showed higher skin biophysical characteristics than males. Moreover, obese patients had higher skin biophysical parameter values than normal-weight patients. However, all the study results were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Further investigations are required to recognize other skin biophysical parameters such as transepidermal water loss and elasticity that may aid in the early identification of skin damage in COVID-19 patients.
References
Choi, C., Choi, J., Park, K., Youn, S. 2013. Facial sebum affects the development of acne, especially the distribution of inflammatory acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27: 301-306.
Firooz, A., Gorouhi, F., Davari, P., Atarod, M., Hekmat, S., Rashighi‐Firoozabadi, M., Solhpour, A. 2007. Comparison of hydration, sebum and pH values in clinically normal skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls. Clin Exp Dermatol 32: 321-322.
Firooz, A., Sadr, B., Babakoohi, S., Sarraf-Yazdy, M., Fanian, F., Kazerouni-Timsar, A., Nassiri-Kashani, M., Naghizadeh, M.M., Dowlati, Y. 2012. Variation of biophysical parameters of the skin with age, gender, and body region. Sci World J 2012:386936
Horikawa, T., Hiramoto, K., Goto, K., Sekijima, H., Ooi, K. 2021. Differences in the mechanism of type 1 and type 2 diabetes-induced skin dryness by using model mice. Int J Med Sci 18: 474.
Jacobi, U., Gautier, J., Sterry, W., Lademann, J. 2005. Gender-related differences in the physiology of the stratum corneum. Dermatology 211: 312-317.
Kim, B., Choi, J., Park, K., Youn, S. 2013. Sebum, acne, skin elasticity, and gender difference–which is the major influencing factor for facial pores? Skin Res Technol 19: e45-e53.
Kim, M.-K., Choi, S.-Y., Byun, H.-J., Huh, C.-H., Park, K.-C., Patel, R. A., Shinn, A. H., Youn, S.-W. 2006. Evaluation of gender difference in skin type and pH. J Dermatol Sci 41: 153-156.
Luebberding, S., Krueger, N., Kerscher, M. 2013. Skin physiology in men and women: in vivo evaluation of 300 people including TEWL, SC hydration, sebum content and skin surface pH. Int J Cosmet Sci 35: 477-483.
Man, M., Xin, S., Song, S., Cho, S., Zhang, X., Tu, C., Feingold, K., Elias, P. 2009. Variation of skin surface pH, sebum content and stratum corneum hydration with age and gender in a large Chinese population. Skin Res Technol 22: 190-199.
Mehta, H., Nikam, V., Jaiswal, C., Mehta, H. 2018. A cross-sectional study of variations in the biophysical parameters of skin among healthy volunteers. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 84: 521.
Prakash, C., Bhargava, P., Tiwari, S., Majumdar, B., Bhargava, R.K. 2017. Skin surface pH in acne vulgaris: insights from an observational study and review of the literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 10: 33-39.
Rahrovan, S., Fanian, F., Mehryan, P., Humbert, P., Firooz, A. 2018. Male versus female skin: what dermatologists and cosmeticians should know. Int J Womens Dermatol 4: 122-130.
Rippke, F., Schreiner, V., Doering, T., Maibach, H. I. 2004. Stratum corneum pH in atopic dermatitis. za 5: 217-223.
Rodrigues, L. M. M., Palma, L., Santos, O., Almeida, M. A., Bujan, J., Tavares, L. 2017. Excessive weight favours skin physiology-up to a point: another expression of the obesity paradox. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 30: 94-101.
Sekijima, H., Goto, K., Hiramoto, K., Komori, R., Ooi, K. 2018. Characterization of dry skin associating with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a KK-Ay/TaJcl mouse model. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 37: 391-395.
Wilhelm, K.-P., Cua, A.B., Maibach, H. I. 1991. Skin aging: effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Arch Dermatol 127: 1806-1809.
Ye, L., Lai, Q., Wen, S., Wang, X., Yang, B., Man, M.-Q. 2022. Correlation of Body Mass Index with Epidermal Biophysical Properties Varies with Gender in Chinese. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 35: 215-223.
Yosipovitch, G., Devore, A., Dawn, A. 2007. Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol 56: 901-916.
Yosipovitch, G., Tur, E., Cohen, O., Rusecki, Y. 1993. Skin surface pH in intertriginous areas in NIDDM patients: possible correlation to candidal intertrigo. Diabetes care 16: 560-563.
Zhao, C., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Xu, Z., Sun, Y., Mei, X., Shi, W. 2021. Variation of biophysical parameters of the skin with age, gender, and lifestyles. J Cosmet Dermatol 20: 249-255.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Dindar S Bari, Jalal M. Salih, Haval Y. Yacoob Aldosky, Ørjan G. Martinsen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.