Effect of Irrigation by Waste Water on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plant.
Keywords:
waste water, heavy metals, soil, physio-chemical propertiesAbstract
A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of using waste water irrigation on the concentrations of (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) in soil and their subsequent accumulation in plant. Waste water was diluted to give four treatments: T1 (waste water), T2 (1:1), T3 (2:1) well water: waste water and T4 (well water) as control. Higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were observed in soil of T1 compared toT4. Pb and Cd in (tops and roots) of chard were above the maximum permissible level in vegetables (WHO,1984). The results also showed a decrease in microbial density caused by high level of heavy metals concentration and an increase in aggregate stability.
References
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Grigalavičienė I, V. Rutkovienė, V. Marozas 2005. The accumulation of heavy metals Pb, Cu and Cd at roadside forest soil Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 , 109-115.
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Jayadev, E.T. P. 2012. Heavy metal contamination in soil under the application of polluted sewage water across vrishabhavathi river. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications , Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp.1666-1671.
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Mitra A., and Gupta SK. 1999. Effect of sewage water irrigation on essential plant nutrient and pollutant element status in a vegetables growing area around calcutta. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 47:99-105.
Mojiri.A., and H. Abdul Aziz 2012 .Impact of municipal waste leachate on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and barley. The 4th International Engineering Conference –Towards engineering of 21st century.
Muhammed A.I., M. N. Chaudhary,S. Zaib, M. Imran, K. Ali and A. Iqbal 2011. Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb) in agricultural soils and spring seasonal plants, irrigated by industrial waste water. Journal of Environmental Technology and Management Vol 2, No 1,1-9.
Nicholson F.A.,S. R. Smith , B.J. Alloway, C. Carlton-Smith ,and B.J. Chambers. 2003.An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. The Science of the Total Environment. 311, (1-3), 205.
Nwajei, G.E. 2009. Trace elements in soils and vegetations in the vicinity of shell petroleum development company operating area in ughelli, delta state of Nigeria. American Eurasian. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3, 574-578.
Oliveira1A. and M.E. Pampulha 2006. Effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on soil microbial characteristics. Journal of Bioscience And Bioengineerin,Vol. 102, No. 3, 157–161. DOI:10.1263/jbb.102.157
Rattan, R.K., S.P. Datta , P.K. Chhonkar , K. Suribabu , and A.K. Singh 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 109 , 310–322.
Sharma , D. and A.K. Shukla 2013. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Irrigated with Wastewater in Meerut City Region . International Journal Of Advanced Life Sciences,Vol .(6), Issue (4).287-292.
Singh, K. P, D. Mohan, S.Sinha, and R. Dalwani 2004. Impact assessment of treated / untreated waste water toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural and environmental quality in the waste water disposal area. Chemosphere, 55, 227-255.
Šmejkalová, M., O. Mikanová, and L. Borůvka 2003. Effects of heavy metal concentrations on biological activity of soil micro-organisms. Plant &Soil Environm., 49, (7): 321–326.
Sulaivany, R.O.H. and H.A.M.Al- Mezori 2007. Heavy metals concentration in selected vegetables grown in douk city kurdistan region, Iraq WIT Transaction on The Built Environment,vol.94.
Tarchitzky J, and Y. Golobati 1999. Reclaim wastewater effects on flocculation value of montmoriolite and hydraulic properties of a sandy soil .Soil. So .Sic .Aus .J . 63: 554-560 .
Wild,A.1994. Soil and the environment: An introduction. Cambredige University Press.
Zoubi, M. M. Al. , Arslan, A. Abdelgawad, G. Pejon, N. Tabbaa, M. & Jouzdan, O. 2008. The effect of sewage sludge on productivity of a crop rotation of wheat, maize and vetch) and heavy metals accumulation in soil and plant in aleppo Governorate. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 3 (4), 618-625.
Al- Jassir, M.S., A. Shaker and M. A. Khaliq 2005. Deposition of Heavy Metals on Green Leafy Vegetables Sold on Road- sides of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabea,” Bulletin of Envi-ronmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1020-1027.
Bespamiatnov,G.P. and Yu.A. Krotov 1985. Maximum allowable concentrations of chemical substance in the environment; sited from Sulaivany, R.O.H. and H.A.M.Al- Mezori 2008. Heavy metals concentration in soil and waste water used for irrigation in douk city. J. Douk Univ.,Vol.11.No.1.
Brookes, P.C and S. P. McGrath 1984. The Effect of Metals Toxicity on the Size of the Soil Microbial Biomass , Journal of Soil Science 35 ; 341-346.
Chitdeshwari T., P. Savithri , S. Mahimai Raja 2002. Effect of sewage bio-solids compost on biomass yield of amaranths and heavy metal availability. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 50:480-484.
Eneje, R. C., and K.T. Lemoha . 2012. Heavy metal content and physicochemical properties of municipal solid waste dump soils in owerri imo state. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research ,Vol.2, Issue.5, pp-3795-3799.
FAO/WHO,1984. Codex Alimentarius Commission . Contaminants, joint FAO/WHO food standards program, Codex Alimentarius, vol.XVIT (1st edition).
FAO/WHO,2011. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Technical Reports Series N° 960 ,162 .
Goldberg S, D.L.Suarez , and R.A. Glaubig 1988. Factors affecting clay dispersion and aggregate stability of arid-zone soils. Soil Sci. 146:317-325.
Grigalavičienė I, V. Rutkovienė, V. Marozas 2005. The accumulation of heavy metals Pb, Cu and Cd at roadside forest soil Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 , 109-115.
Haiyan W., and A. Stuanes 2003. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, (147), 79.
Hanjraa, M.A., J. Blackwella, G. Carrc, F. Zhangd and T.M. Jackson, 2012. Waste water irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy International. Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215: 255-269.
Jayadev, E.T. P. 2012. Heavy metal contamination in soil under the application of polluted sewage water across vrishabhavathi river. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications , Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp.1666-1671.
Kandeler F., C. Kampichler ,and O. Horak 1996. Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Biology and Fertility of Soils.23 pp.299-306.
Kashif, S.R., M. Akram, M. Yaseen and S. Ali 2006. Studies on heavy metal status and their uptake by vegetables in adjoining areas of Hundiara drain in Lahore. Soil andEnvironment, v. 28, p. 7-12.
Khurana MPS., J. Singh, VK. Naya 2004. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils and plants irrigated with sewage waters containing industrial effluents in district amritsar, punjab. Indian J. Environ. Ecoplan. 8:221-280.
Kibria, M.G., M. Islam and M. Alamgir 2012. Influnce of waste water irrigation on heavy metals accumulation in soil & plant. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences Vol.1, Issue 1, 43-54.
Lonel, A H., E. P. Lal1, S. Thakur1, S. A. Ganie, M. S. Wani, A. Khare, S. H. Wani and F. Ahma Wani 2013. Accumulation Of Heavy Metals On Soil And Vegetable Crops Grown On Sewage And Tube Well Water Irrigation. Academic Journals Vol. 8(44), pp. 2187-2193.
Malla R, Y. Tanaka, K.Mon , and K.L.Totawat 2007. Short-term effect of sewage irrigation on chemical build up in soils and vegetables. The Agri. Eng. Int. CIGR E-J. 9(7):1-6.
Masona C., L. Mapfaire, S. Mapurazi, and R. Makanda 2011. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in wastewater irrigated soil and uptake by maize plants (Zea Mays L) at firle farm in harare . Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 6:132-137.
McGrath, S. P., A.M. Chaudri, and K.E. Giller 1995. Long term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, microorganisms and plants. J. Ind. Microbiol., 14, 94–104.
McGrath, S. P.1994. Effects of heavy metals from sewage sludge on soil microbes in agricultural ecosystems, p. 242–274. In Ross, S. M. (ed.), Toxic metals in soil-plant systems. John Wiley, Chichester.
McGrath, S.P.1993. Soil quality in relation to agricultural uses, sited from Sulaivany, R.O.H. and H.A.M.Al- Mezori 2008. Heavy metals concentration in soil and waste water used for irrigation in douk city. J. Douk Univ.,Vol.11.No.1.
Mitra A., and Gupta SK. 1999. Effect of sewage water irrigation on essential plant nutrient and pollutant element status in a vegetables growing area around calcutta. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 47:99-105.
Mojiri.A., and H. Abdul Aziz 2012 .Impact of municipal waste leachate on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and barley. The 4th International Engineering Conference –Towards engineering of 21st century.
Muhammed A.I., M. N. Chaudhary,S. Zaib, M. Imran, K. Ali and A. Iqbal 2011. Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb) in agricultural soils and spring seasonal plants, irrigated by industrial waste water. Journal of Environmental Technology and Management Vol 2, No 1,1-9.
Nicholson F.A.,S. R. Smith , B.J. Alloway, C. Carlton-Smith ,and B.J. Chambers. 2003.An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. The Science of the Total Environment. 311, (1-3), 205.
Nwajei, G.E. 2009. Trace elements in soils and vegetations in the vicinity of shell petroleum development company operating area in ughelli, delta state of Nigeria. American Eurasian. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3, 574-578.
Oliveira1A. and M.E. Pampulha 2006. Effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on soil microbial characteristics. Journal of Bioscience And Bioengineerin,Vol. 102, No. 3, 157–161. DOI:10.1263/jbb.102.157
Rattan, R.K., S.P. Datta , P.K. Chhonkar , K. Suribabu , and A.K. Singh 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 109 , 310–322.
Sharma , D. and A.K. Shukla 2013. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Irrigated with Wastewater in Meerut City Region . International Journal Of Advanced Life Sciences,Vol .(6), Issue (4).287-292.
Singh, K. P, D. Mohan, S.Sinha, and R. Dalwani 2004. Impact assessment of treated / untreated waste water toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural and environmental quality in the waste water disposal area. Chemosphere, 55, 227-255.
Šmejkalová, M., O. Mikanová, and L. Borůvka 2003. Effects of heavy metal concentrations on biological activity of soil micro-organisms. Plant &Soil Environm., 49, (7): 321–326.
Sulaivany, R.O.H. and H.A.M.Al- Mezori 2007. Heavy metals concentration in selected vegetables grown in douk city kurdistan region, Iraq WIT Transaction on The Built Environment,vol.94.
Tarchitzky J, and Y. Golobati 1999. Reclaim wastewater effects on flocculation value of montmoriolite and hydraulic properties of a sandy soil .Soil. So .Sic .Aus .J . 63: 554-560 .
Wild,A.1994. Soil and the environment: An introduction. Cambredige University Press.
Zoubi, M. M. Al. , Arslan, A. Abdelgawad, G. Pejon, N. Tabbaa, M. & Jouzdan, O. 2008. The effect of sewage sludge on productivity of a crop rotation of wheat, maize and vetch) and heavy metals accumulation in soil and plant in aleppo Governorate. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 3 (4), 618-625.
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2015-09-30
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Hassan, K. A. K., Mosa, R. I., & Rajab, S. M. (2015). Effect of Irrigation by Waste Water on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plant. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 3(2), 240–249. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/148
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