Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.511Keywords:
Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index, Rainfall Departure from the mean, CRU, ArcGIS, Std, theory of runsAbstract
Evaluation of drought characteristics in Iraq by analysis annual growing season of Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) for three climatic zones using run theory method. The efficiency of SC-PDSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Rainfall Departure from the mean (RD) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert) for the period 1981-2015, were derived from Climatic Research Unit (CRU). The spatial interpolation techniques in ArcGIS package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the years 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2009 experienced droughts in all zones except the desert zone where was experienced severe drought in 2012, while the years 1982 and 1988 experienced received precipitation above-average in all zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, the drier seasons are (2007-2008) and (1998-1999) in all Zones. The wetter seasons are (1987-1988) in Arid and Semi-Arid and Steppes zone, (1994-1995) and (1997-1998) are wetter seasons in Desert zone. Using run theory, the steppes zone have experienced more severe droughts than other zones evaluated in this study and the most susceptible areas to dry spell are steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zones during study period. While the desert zone experienced less droughts.
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A. Mishra, V. Desai and V. Singh, "Drought forecasting using a hybrid stochastic and neural network model," Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 626-638, 2007.
D. A. Wilhite, "Drought," in Encyclopedia of earth system science, vol. 2, N. WA, Ed., San Diego, CA, Academic Press, Inc, 1992, pp. 81-92.
G. I. Arb, "Geostatistical Interpolation for Spatial Data," International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 78-82, 2016.
G. Van der Schrier, J. Barichivich, K. R. Briffa and P. D. Jones, "A scPDSI-based global data set of dry and wet spells for 1901-2009," Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 118, pp. 4025-4048, 2013.
I. Harris, P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn and D. H. Lister, "Updated high‐resolution grids of monthly climatic observations–the CRU TS3. 10 Dataset," International Journal of Climatology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 623-642, 2014.
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J. González and J. B. Valdés, "New drought frequency index: Definition and comparative performance analysis," Water Resources Research, vol. 42, no. 11, 2006.
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R. Allen, M. Smith, A. Perrier and L. S. Pereira, "An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration," ICID bulletin, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 1-34, 1994.
R. Soppe and R. Saleh, "Report B2.1 Historical agricultural production data in Iraq," Iraq Salinity Project, The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Dubai, 2012.
S. Niemeyer, "New drought indices," Options Méditerranéennes. Série A: Séminaires Méditerranéens, vol. 80, p. 267–274, 2008.
T. J. Osborn, J. Barichivich, I. Harris, G. van der Schrier and P. D. Jones, "Monitoring global drought using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 97, pp. 32-36, 2016.
U. Schneider, A. Becker, P. Finger, A. Meyer-Christoffer, B. Rudolf and M. Ziese, "GPCC Full Data Reanalysis Version 7.0 at 0.5°: Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges built on GTS-based and Historic Data," Global Precipitation Climatology Centre at Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany, 2015.
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V. M. Yevjevich, "An objective approach to definitions and investigations of continental hydrologic droughts," Hydrology papers (Colorado State University); no. 23, 1967.
W. C. Palmer, "Meteorological drought," U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Research Paper No. 45, Washington. D.C., 1965.
World Meteorological Organization, "Report on Drought and Countries Affected by Drought During 1974–1985," WMO, Geneva, 1986.
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Published
2018-09-30
How to Cite
Jawad, T. K., Al-Taai, O. T., & Al-timimi, Y. K. (2018). Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 6(3), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.511
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