The Impacts of Environment on Egg Fecundity of Thaumetopoea solitaria on different types of Trees in the North of Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2022.10.1.861Keywords:
Environmental Impact, Egg Fecundity, Thaumetopoea solitaria, Egg Mass, Egg Parasite, pistachio processionary bud moth, Egg parasitoid and PredatorAbstract
In this study, egg fecundity of pistachio processionary bud moth Thaumetopoea solitaria (Lepidoptera- Notodontidae) on three different types of trees was investigated in Koya, Haybat Sultan forest during 2018 and 2019. The egg masses were collected from branches of Pistacia vera, Pistacia khunjuk and Rhus coriaria after the emergence of larvae. Collecting clusters on P. vera, P. khunjuk, and R. coriaria trees during the mentioned period was different (36 and 38, 32 and 30, and 9 and 13 respectively). In 2018, the highest ratio of eggs per mass was 159.44±15.76 on R. coriaria tree, and the lowest was 129.50±8.46 on the P. khunjuk tree. The highest percentage of the hatched egg was recorded during 2019 on P. vera tree, which was 98.41%, while 90.41%.was the lowest rate on P. khunjuk tree. Regarding the unhatched eggs, it was 96.34% on P. khunjuk tree during 2019, however, it was only 13.34% on R. coriaria in 2018. On the other hand, parasites were found to be on 42.00% of the hatched eggs on R. coriaria tree and 3.07% on P. vera tree in 2019 and 2018 respectively. Although, the ratio of the larval was ascending significantly to 96.93% on P. vera during 2018, it was descending to 58.00% on R. coriaria tree in 2019. Hence, the success of the eggs was 93.10% on P. khunjuk tree, and only 52.53% on R. coriaria in 2018. The effect of the rainfall rate during the surveyed period was considered, whilst the variation of air temperature is negligible as its effect is unnoticeable.
References
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Koya Weather Station, Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture, 2018-2019 weather data.
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MIRCHEV, P. & TSANKOV, G. 2012. Disease Caused by Beaveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. on Newly Hatched Larvae of Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer 1838, Forest Research Institute-Sofia, Silva Balcanica, 13 (1): 61-65.
MIRCHEV, P., GEORGI, G. & PETЕR, B. 2014. First Record of Egg Parasitoids of Pistachio Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea solitaria (Freyer) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), Acta zool. bulg., 66 (1), 109-113.
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MIRCHEV, P., TSANKOV, G. & MATOVA, M. 2006. Aspects of bioecology of pistachio but a moth, Thaumetopoea solitaria (Freyer, 1838) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Bulgaria. Forest Science, 3, pp.95-106.
NAQSHABANDY, A. 1998. “Regional Geography of Kurdistan-Iraq”. 1st ed. Braiaty Center, Erbil, pp. 74 -78.
OMER, E., VEDAT, S. & AHMET, K. Y. K. 2004. Antifeedant and Toxicity Effects of some Plant Extracts on Yponomeuta Malinellus Zell. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae), Journals of Plant Protection Research, 44 (3): 165-174.
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SALIH, M.Q., HAMADAMIN, R.R. & AZIZ, R.S. 2019. Environmental Impacts of Shewashok Oil Field on Sheep and Cow Meat Using Vital Trace Elements as Contamination Bioindicators, 3(1), pp. 1-8.
SCHMIDT, G. H., TANZEN, E. & BELLIN, S. 1999. Structure of egg-batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep.: Thaumetopoeidae), egg parasitoids and rate of egg parasitism on the Iberian Peninsula. J. Appl. Entomol. 123:449-458.
SHABBIR, A. 2012. Rhus coriaria linn, a plant of medicinal, nutritional and industrial importance: a review. J Anim Plant Sci, 22(2), pp.505-12.
TOWNSEND, C.C. & GUEST, E. 1980. Flora of Iraq. Vol. 4, part 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. Baghdad, Iraq. Pp. 388.
TSANKOV, G., MIRCHEV, P. & MATOVA, M. 2006. Egg parasitoids, rate of parasitism, and structure of egg batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. and Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) from the region of Ochrid (Republic of Macedonia). Silva Balcanica, 7: 77-87.
ALIZADEH, A., KHARRAZI, PAKDEL, A., TALEBI-JAHROMI, K. H. & SAMIH, M. A. 2007. Effect of some Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Viull. Isolates on common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. And Laut. Int J Agri Biol 9: 76-79.
AVCI, M. 2000. Investigations on structure of egg-batches, parasitism, and egg-laying habit of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep.: Thaumetopoeidae) in various regions of Turkey. Turk. J. Entomol. 24: 167-178 (Turkish, with English abstract).
AZIZ, R.S., HAMADAMIN, R.R. & OMER, M.K. 2020. Fire Impacts on Forest Ecosystem: With a Focus on the Resilience of Tree Species and Dramatic Change in Insect Populations, Volume 11, Issue 4, October 2020, PP 58-65.
BATTISTI, A., AVCI, M., DIMITRIOS, N. A., MOHAMED, L. B. J., LAURA, B., WAHIBA, B., MANUELA, B., GAHDAB, C., MOULAY, A. EL A. EL F., BRIGITTE, F., JOSE, A. H., IRINA, I. M., KAHRAMAN, I. P., STIG, L., TRAIAN M.; ZVI, M.; NICOLAS, M.; PLAMEN, M.; NABIL, N.; MARIA,R. P., JUAN, P., ALEX, P., NOUREDDINE, R., JEROME, R., HELENA, S., DANIEL, S., AXEL, S., MAURO, S., ANNIE, Y. & MOHAMED, Z. 2014. Natural History of the Processionary Moths (Thaumetopoea spp.): New Insights in Relation to Climate Change, Department DAFNAE-Entomology, University of Padua, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy e-mail: andrea.battisti@unipd.it; 15-79.
DAVATCHI, A. G. 1958. Etude Biologique de la Faune Entomolojique des Pistacia Sauvages et Cultives. Extrait de la Revue de Pathologie Vegetale et D‟entomologie Agricole de France, Paris, 37: 49-52.
DUCOMBS, G., LAMY, M., MOLLARD, S., GUILLARD, J. M. & MALEVILLE, J. 1981. Contact dermatitis from processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff., Lepidoptera). Contact Dermatitis.7:287.
GEORGIEVA, M., BOCHEVA, L., MIRCHEV, P., TSANKOV, G., MATOVA, M., ZAEMDZHIKOVA, G., HLEBARSKA, S. & GEORGIEV, G. 2018. Fecundity and egg abortion in two phenological forms of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in Bulgaria. Silva Balcanica, 19(1), pp.79-88.
GHALEM, B. R. & MOHAMED, B. 2009. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of the oleoresin oil of Pistacia vera L. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 3 (3): 92-96.
GINDIN, G., KUZNETSOVA, T., PROTASOV, A., SAPHIR, N., MADAR, Z. & MENDEL, Z. 2008. Susceptibility of the Pistachio Processionary Moth Thaumetopoea solitaria to Three Bacillus thuringiensis Products. Phytoparasitica, 36: 472-482
GINER, E. M., MANEZ, S., RECIO, C., GINER, R. M. & PRIETO, J. M. 2001. Oleanonic acid, a 3-oxotritrepene from Pistacia inhibits leukotriene synthesis and has anti-inflammatory activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 428: 137-143.
GÜNDÜZ, G. T., S. A. GÖNÜL & M. KARAPINAR. 2010. Efficacy of sumac and oregano in the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium on tomatoes. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 141:39-44.
Halperin, J., (1983). Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Israel. Phytoparasitica 11:71-82.
HASHEM, M. & S. ALAMRI. 2010. Contamination of common spices in Saudi Arabia markets with potential mycotoxin-producing fungi. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 17:167-175.
KARADAĞ, S., ER, M., MART, C., & TURSUN, A. 2007. Thaumetopoea solitaria Frey. (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae)’ nin biyolojisi ve morfolojisine dliskin gözlemler. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 10, 132–137.
Koya Weather Station, Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture, 2018-2019 weather data.
Lamy, M. 1990. Contact dermatitis (erucism) produced by processionary caterpillars (genus Thaumetopoea). Journal of Applied Entomology, 110: 425-437.
MIRCHEV, P. & TSANKOV, G. 2012. Disease Caused by Beaveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. on Newly Hatched Larvae of Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer 1838, Forest Research Institute-Sofia, Silva Balcanica, 13 (1): 61-65.
MIRCHEV, P., GEORGI, G. & PETЕR, B. 2014. First Record of Egg Parasitoids of Pistachio Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea solitaria (Freyer) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), Acta zool. bulg., 66 (1), 109-113.
MIRCHEV, P., GEORGIEV, G. MATOVA, M. & BALCANICA, S. 2014. Comparative study of egg parasitoids of Thaumetopoea pityocampa and T. solitaria inhabiting a common habitat in the Eastern Rhodopes. Silva Balcanica. 5(1): 116-121.
MIRCHEV, P., TSANKOV, G. & MATOVA, M. 2006. Aspects of bioecology of pistachio but a moth, Thaumetopoea solitaria (Freyer, 1838) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Bulgaria. Forest Science, 3, pp.95-106.
NAQSHABANDY, A. 1998. “Regional Geography of Kurdistan-Iraq”. 1st ed. Braiaty Center, Erbil, pp. 74 -78.
OMER, E., VEDAT, S. & AHMET, K. Y. K. 2004. Antifeedant and Toxicity Effects of some Plant Extracts on Yponomeuta Malinellus Zell. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae), Journals of Plant Protection Research, 44 (3): 165-174.
PANICO, A., V. CARDILE, N. A. SANTAGATI, & R. MESSINA. 2009. Antioxidant and protective effects of sumac leaves on chondrocytes. J. Med. Plants. Res. 3:855-861.
SALIH, M.Q., HAMADAMIN, R.R. & AZIZ, R.S. 2019. Environmental Impacts of Shewashok Oil Field on Sheep and Cow Meat Using Vital Trace Elements as Contamination Bioindicators, 3(1), pp. 1-8.
SCHMIDT, G. H., TANZEN, E. & BELLIN, S. 1999. Structure of egg-batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep.: Thaumetopoeidae), egg parasitoids and rate of egg parasitism on the Iberian Peninsula. J. Appl. Entomol. 123:449-458.
SHABBIR, A. 2012. Rhus coriaria linn, a plant of medicinal, nutritional and industrial importance: a review. J Anim Plant Sci, 22(2), pp.505-12.
TOWNSEND, C.C. & GUEST, E. 1980. Flora of Iraq. Vol. 4, part 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. Baghdad, Iraq. Pp. 388.
TSANKOV, G., MIRCHEV, P. & MATOVA, M. 2006. Egg parasitoids, rate of parasitism, and structure of egg batches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. and Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) from the region of Ochrid (Republic of Macedonia). Silva Balcanica, 7: 77-87.
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2022-01-16
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Omer, M. K., & Hamadamin, R. R. (2022). The Impacts of Environment on Egg Fecundity of Thaumetopoea solitaria on different types of Trees in the North of Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 10(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2022.10.1.861
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