MINDBOT: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MIND-CONTROLLED EDUCATIONAL ROBOT TOY FOR DISABLED CHILDREN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2024.12.1.1195Keywords:
mindBot, Brain Computer Interface, Robotics, Robot Toy, EEG headset, Emotiv Insight, Raspberry Pi, Human Robot InteractionAbstract
The mindBot robot is a new educational robot toy that can be controlled by brain signals and voice commands. It was evaluated with children with disabilities as well as healthy children as the potential users. The most significant challenge was the size of the used Emotiv Insight electroencephalogram headset when adjusting it on the children’s’ heads. Despite all the challenges, the mindBot robot is a promising technology that could be fun and educational for disabled children. The 11 participants took 36 minutes to finish all tasks on average. This includes the time they spent setting up the robot for the first time, putting on the headset, learning how to use the robot, and using the main educational features. The System Usability Scale usability score for the robot is 71.13, which is considered to be the score of good. The future stages of improving the mindBot includes adding more mobility capabilities and adding the feature of educational assessment.
References
Abdulwahab, Samaa, Hussain Khleaf, and Manal Jassim. 2020. “A Systematic Review of Brain-Computer Interface Based EEG.” Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 16(2): 1–10.
“Amazon.Com: Fisher-Price Smart Bear : Toys & Games.” https://www.amazon.com/Fisher-Price-DNV31-Smart-Bear/dp/B013UIQB9W (October 6, 2021).
Arichi, Tomoki et al. 2012. “Development of BOLD Signal Hemodynamic Responses in the Human Brain.” NeuroImage 63(2): 663–73.
Bahri, Zouhir, Sara Abdulaal, and Mariam Buallay. 2014. “Sub-Band-Power-Based Efficient Brain Computer Interface for Wheelchair Control.” In 2014 World Symposium on Computer Applications Research (WSCAR), , 1–7.
Bangor, Aaron. 2009. “Determining What Individual SUS Scores Mean: Adding an Adjective Rating Scale.” 4(3).
Baraka, Kim, Patrícia Alves-Oliveira, and Tiago Ribeiro. 2020. “An Extended Framework for Characterizing Social Robots.” In Human-Robot Interaction: Evaluation Methods and Their Standardization, Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems, eds. Céline Jost et al. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 21–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42307-0_2 (September 8, 2022).
Barradas, Rolando, José Lencastre, Salviano Soares, and António Valente. 2019. “Usability Evaluation of an Educational Robot for STEM Areas:” In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Heraklion, Crete, Greece: SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 218–25. http://www.scitepress.org/DigitalLibrary/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0007675102180225 (June 23, 2023).
Batth, Ranbir Singh, Anand Nayyar, and Amandeep Nagpal. 2018. “Internet of Robotic Things: Driving Intelligent Robotics of Future - Concept, Architecture, Applications and Technologies.” In 2018 4th International Conference on Computing Sciences (ICCS), , 151–60.
Bi, Luzheng, Fan xin’an, and Yili Liu. 2013. “EEG-Based Brain-Controlled Mobile Robots: A Survey.” Human-Machine Systems, IEEE Transactions on 43: 161–76.
Billard, Aude. 2003. “Robota: Clever Toy and Educational Tool.” Robotics and Autonomous Systems 42(3): 259–69.
Billard, Aude, Ben Robins, Jacqueline Nadel, and Kerstin Dautenhahn. 2007. “Building Robota, a Mini-Humanoid Robot for the Rehabilitation of Children With Autism.” Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA 19: 37–49.
Brooke, John. “SUS - A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale.”
“BUDDY PRO - Your Robot User Interaction Solutions for Your Brand Image.” BUDDY The Emotional Robot. https://buddytherobot.com/en/buddy-pro/ (October 3, 2023).
“Buy Wonder Workshop - Dash for CAD 219.99 | Toys R Us Canada.” https://www.toysrus.ca/en/Wonder-Workshop---Dash/CD5C4C2E.html (October 6, 2021).
Campbell, J, and C Bonnett. 1975. “Spinal Cord Injury in Children.” Clinical orthopaedics and related research (112): 114–23.
CDC. 2022. “Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Care Considerations | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/care-considerations.html (December 14, 2022).
Chacón, Alejandro, Pere Ponsa, and Cecilio Angulo. 2021. “Usability Study through a Human-Robot Collaborative Workspace Experience.” Designs 5(2): 35.
Chan, Wesley P. et al. 2022. “Design and Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display Interface for Human Robot Teams Collaborating in Physically Shared Manufacturing Tasks.” ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 11(3): 1–19.
Chau, Tom, and Jillian Fairley. 2016. Paediatric Rehabilitation Engineering: From Disability to Possibility. CRC Press.
Chrif, Farouk et al. 2022. “Usability Evaluation of an Interactive Leg Press Training Robot for Children with Neuromuscular Impairments.” Technology and Health Care 30(5): 1183–97.
“CogniToys: Internet-Connected Smart Toys That Learn and Grow.” Kickstarter. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/cognitoys/cognitoys-internet-connected-smart-toys-that-learn (October 6, 2021).
D’Amico, Adele, Eugenio Mercuri, Francesco D. Tiziano, and Enrico Bertini. 2011. “Spinal Muscular Atrophy.” Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 6(1): 71.
Dautenhahn, Kerstin. 2007. “Socially Intelligent Robots: Dimensions of Human–Robot Interaction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362(1480): 679–704.
Di Lieto, Maria Chiara et al. 2020. “Empowering Executive Functions in 5- and 6-Year-Old Typically Developing Children Through Educational Robotics: An RCT Study.” Frontiers in Psychology 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03084 (October 3, 2023).
ElGibreen, Hebah et al. 2022. “Telepresence Robot System for People with Speech or Mobility Disabilities.” Sensors 22(22): 8746.
“Furby Gets Bluetooth, Reacts to Watching Videos with Kids.” PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/furby-gets-bluetooth-reacts-to-watching-videos-with-kids (October 7, 2023).
Gandomi. 2018. “Analysis and Prediction of Emotions Using Human-Robot and Driver-Vehicle Interactions.” Northeastern University. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20292404 (October 12, 2021).
Georg Graetz and Guy Michaels. “Robots at Work | The Review of Economics and Statistics | MIT Press.” https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/100/5/753/58489/Robots-at-Work (November 15, 2022).
Golestan, Shadan, Pegah Soleiman, and Hadi Moradi. 2017. “Feasibility of Using Sphero in Rehabilitation of Children with Autism in Social and Communication Skills.” In 2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), London: IEEE, 989–94. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8009378/ (October 2, 2023).
Goodrich, Michael A., and Alan C. Schultz. 2007. “Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey.” Foundations and Trends® in Human-Computer Interaction 1(3): 203–75.
Heuvel, Renée J. F. van den et al. 2016. “Robots and ICT to Support Play in Children with Severe Physical Disabilities: A Systematic Review.” Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 11(2): 103–16.
Hurst, Nikki et al. 2020. “Social and Emotional Skills Training with Embodied Moxie.” arXiv:2004.12962 [cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12962 (February 16, 2022).
Ihamäki, Pirita, and Katriina Heljakka. 2018. “Ihamäki, P. & Heljakka, K. (2018) Smart, Skilled and Connected in The 21st Century: Educational Promises of the Internet of Toys (IoToys).”
Jafari, Nooshin et al. 2018. “Usability Testing of a Developed Assistive Robotic System with Virtual Assistance for Individuals with Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study.” Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 13(6): 517–22.
Kalegina, Alisa et al. 2018. “Characterizing the Design Space of Rendered Robot Faces.” In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, HRI ’18, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/3171221.3171286 (September 7, 2022).
Khalid, Sibar. 2021. “Internet of Robotic Things: A Review.” Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends 2(03): 78–90.
Khalid, Sibar Jameel, and Ismael Ali Ali. 2022. “Mind Controlled Educational Robotic Toys for Physically Disabled Children: A Survey.” In 2022 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSASE), , 348–54.
Kinney-Lang, E., B. Auyeung, and J. Escudero. 2016. “Expanding the (Kaleido)Scope: Exploring Current Literature Trends for Translating Electroencephalography (EEG) Based Brain-Computer Interfaces for Motor Rehabilitation in Children.” Journal of Neural Engineering 13(6): 061002.
Klassner, Frank, and Scott D. Anderson. 2003. “MindStorms: Not Just for K-12 Anymore.” IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine: 12.
Kolodny, L. “Kids Can Now Program Dash and Dot Robots through Swift Playgrounds | TechCrunch.” https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/18/kids-can-now-program-dash-and-dot-robots-through-swift-playgrounds/ (July 27, 2021).
Kronreif, Gernot, M. Kornfeld, et al. 2005. 2 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, AIM Playing Assistant for Physical Handicapped Children.
Kronreif, Gernot, Barbara Prazak-Aram, et al. 2005. 28 IEEE 9th International conference on Rehabilitation Robotics PlayROB - Robot-Assisted Playing for Children with Severe Physical Disabilities.
Lathan, Corinna, Amy Brisben, and Charlotte Safos. 2005. “CosmoBot Levels the Playing Field for Disabled Children.” Interactions 12(2): 14–16.
LaValle, Steven M. 2006. Planning Algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511546877/type/book (July 27, 2021).
“Leka.” https://leka.io/ (October 12, 2021).
Liptak, Gregory S., and Ahmad El Samra. 2010. “Optimizing Health Care for Children with Spina Bifida.” Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 16(1): 66–75.
LLC, RoboKind. “Meet Milo! | Robots4Autism.” https://www.robokind.com/robots4autism/meet-milo (October 12, 2021).
Luo, R.C., Chih-Chen Yih, and Kuo Lan Su. 2002. “Multisensor Fusion and Integration: Approaches, Applications, and Future Research Directions.” IEEE Sensors Journal 2(2): 107–19.
Lv, Xiaoling, Minglu Zhang, and Hui Li. 2008. “Robot Control Based on Voice Command.” In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, , 2490–94.
Makeblock. “Amazon.Com: Makeblock mBot Explorer Robot de Metal Para Armar Para Niños, Robots, Robots Para Niños, Kits de Robots, Robótica, Control Remoto de Aplicación, Aprender Cero y Programación Arduino C, Juguetes Para Niños : Juguetes y Juegos.” https://www.amazon.com/Makeblock-Mechanical-Entry-Level-Programming-Creativity/dp/B00SK5RUQY?th=1 (October 12, 2021).
Marchetti, Antonella, Cinzia Di Dio, Federico Manzi, and Davide Massaro. 2022. “Robotics in Clinical and Developmental Psychology.” Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology.
Mondada, Francesco et al. 2017. “Bringing Robotics to Formal Education: The Thymio Open-Source Hardware Robot.” IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine 24(1): 77–85.
Mosavi, Amir, and Annamaria Varkonyi. 2017. “Learning in Robotics.” International Journal of Computer Applications 157(1): 8–11.
“QTrobot, an Engaging Educational Robot for Children with Autism and Special Needs Education.” LuxAI S.A. https://luxai.com/robot-for-teaching-children-with-autism-at-home/ (February 16, 2022).
Ranzani, Raffaele et al. 2021. “Towards a Platform for Robot-Assisted Minimally-Supervised Therapy of Hand Function: Design and Pilot Usability Evaluation.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.652380 (July 26, 2023).
“Robot Kits for Kids : mBot | Makeblock - Global STEAM Education Solution Provider.” Makeblock. https://www.makeblock.com/steam-kits/mbot (January 11, 2022).
Siciliano, Bruno, and Oussama Khatib. 2016. “Robotics and the Handbook.” In Springer Handbook of Robotics, Springer Handbooks, eds. Bruno Siciliano and Oussama Khatib. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32552-1_1 (July 27, 2021).
“Specifications - Thymio & Aseba.” http://wiki.thymio.org/en:thymiospecifications (November 6, 2021).
Studio, Play. “Applications.” Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/applications/ (December 15, 2022).
“Te’eni, D., Carey, J., & Zhang, P., (2007). Human Computer Interaction Developing Effective Organizational Information Systems. Hoboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - References - Scientific Research Publishing.” https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=394111 (November 15, 2022).
“The Future Is Furby | M/C Journal.” https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/2955?fbclid=IwAR0QFPOxtIIGtxu32LaKSs2mUltbCa5wdPH3tGoIVkB07TpPAbW21wKjiJw (October 6, 2023).
Tsardoulias, Emmanouil, and Pericles Mitkas. 2017. “Robotic Frameworks, Architectures and Middleware Comparison.” http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06842 (July 31, 2023).
“Usability Evaluation and User Acceptance of Cobot: Case Study of Universal Robots CB Series.” 2022. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Istanbul, Turkey: IEOM Society International, 1999–2006. https://index.ieomsociety.org/index.cfm/article/view/ID/214 (June 23, 2023).
Vermesan, Ovidiu et al. 2017. “Internet of Robotic Things : Converging Sensing/Actuating, Hypoconnectivity, Artificial Intelligence and IoT Platforms.” In River Publishers, 97–155. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-62923 (July 27, 2021).
Vilar, Polona. 2010. “Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human‐Computer Interaction (5th Edition).” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61(5): 1073–74.
Vulpe, Alexandru et al. 2021. “Enabling Security Services in Socially Assistive Robot Scenarios for Healthcare Applications.” Sensors 21(20): 6912.
YASIN, TIMOTHIUS VICTORIO, Felix Pasila, and Resmana Lim. 2018. “A Study of Mobile Robot Control Using EEG Emotiv Epoc Sensor.” MATEC Web of Conferences 164: 01044.1-01044.11. https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2018/23/matecconf_icesti2018_01044/mateccon (July 26, 2021).
Zhao, Jing et al. 2014. “SSVEP-Based Hierarchical Architecture for Control of a Humanoid Robot with Mind.” In Proceeding of the 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, , 2401–6.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sibar J. Khalid, Ismael A. Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.
