Epidemiological Study of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep, Cattle and Goats in Erbil Province
Keywords:
Cystic echinococcosis, Epidemiology, Slaughtered animals, Age, Gender, Location and fertilityAbstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid cyst (HC) caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Since Kurdistan region is considered as endemic area, an epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of CE isolated from sheep, cattle and goats from July 2013 to June 2014. The total rate of infection was 11.17(457/4092), with the highest rate (9.07%) in sheep and the lowest (0.54%) in goats. Regarding the sex of the infected animals, female showed slightly a higher rate than males (5.99% versus 5.18%) which statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Among the three intermediate host sheep showed the highest rate of infection (14.51%) regarding the sex females of sheep and cattle showed higher rate of infection versus males (27.36 and 20.35 versus 9.37 and 3.86). Furthermore, the highest incidence of CE in sheep, cattle and goats were found among the age group over three years (18.75, 5.41 and 1.69%, respectively), while the lowest rate was noted in the age groups less than one year (3.96 and 0.25%, o.33, respectively). On the other hand, sheep showed high rate of infection throughout the year with peaks during May to July which were 19.44%, 17.59 and 18.14%,respectively. This was followed by cattle and goats (11.67% and 5.26%) in April and December, respectively. Regarding the size, the higher numbers of small sized cysts were found in the liver (98/175), while the highest numbers of large sized cysts were found in both liver and lung which were 69/165. The liver and lungs appeared to be the site of predilection, since highest rate of infection was reported in these organs. Regarding the fertility of CE, the highest was in sheep (87.6%), followed by goats (77.27%) and then the cattle (40.63%).
References
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Ahmad, B.D.; Mero, W.M.S.; Salih, A.M.; Xiao, N. Casulli, A. and Abdo, J. (2013): Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated From Human Hydatid Disease Using Cox1 Gene Sequence in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 72-80.
Al Kitani, F.A.; Al Riyami, Sh.; Al Yahyai, S.; Al awahi, A.H.; Mahir Al aawali, M. and Hussain, M.H. (2015): Abattoir based surveillance of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in the Sultanate of Oman during 2010–2013. Veterinary Parasitology, 211: 208–215.
AL.Bosely, A. R. I. (2014): Studies on epidemiology of hydatid cysts isolated from different intermediate hosts in zakho, Duhok province. Kurdistan region/Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis; Faculty of Science-Univ. of Zakho, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
Al-Abbassy, S.N.; Altaif, K.I.; Jawad, A.K. and Al-Saqur, I.M. (1980): The prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in Iraq. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 74(2):185-7.
Al-Berwari, A. S. M. (2012): Studies on some epidemiological and biochemical parameters on hydatid cyst layers (laminated and germinal) and surrounding host tissues isolated from different intermediate hosts. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Education, University of Zakho, Kurdistan- Region- Iraq.
Al-Shaibani, I.R.M.; Saad, F.A. and Al-Mahdi, H. (2015): Cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals at Dhamar and Taiz governorates, Yemen. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol., 4(2): 596-609.
Andresiuk, M. V.; Gordo, F.P.; Saarma, M.; Elissondoa, M.C.; Taraborelli, A.; Casalonguee, C.; Denegri, G. and Saarma, U. (2013): Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 dominated in cattle and sheep during 2003–2006 in Buenos Aires province, an endemic area for cystic echinococcosis in Argentina. ActaTropica, 127: 136–142.
Azlaf, R. and Dakkak, A. (2006): Epidemiological study of the cystic echinococcosis in Morocco). Veterinary Parasitology, 137: 83–93.
Bajalan, M.M.M. (2006): Prevalence Echinococcosis in Stray Dogs and Slaughtered Livestock in Kalar District/ Sulaimaniyah Province/ Kurdistan, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad.
Barnes, T.S.; Deplazes, P.; Gottstein, B.; Jenkins, D.J.; Mathis, A.; Siles-Lucas, M.; Torgerson, P.R.; Ziadinov, I and Heath, D.D. (2012): Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. ActaTropica, 123: 1–7.
Chaligiannis, I.; Maillard, S.; Boubaker, G.; Spiliotis, M.; Saratsis, A.; Gottstein, B. and Sotiraki, S. (2015): Echinococcus granulosus infection dynamics in livestock of Greece, Acta Tropica 150: 64–70.
Costin, I. I.; Ionita, M.; Predoi, G.; Avram, E.; Rinaldi, L.; Maurelli, M.P. and Mitrea, I.L. (2015): Molecular genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus spread among cattle from Romania. Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology, 208: S5–S120.
Dalimi, A., Motamedi, G.H., Hosseini, M., Mohammadian, B., Malaki, H., Ghamari, Z. & Ghaffari Far, F. (2002) Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 161–171.
Daryani, A.; Alaei, R.; Arab, R.; Sharif, M.; Dehghan, M.H. and Ziaei, H. (2007): The prevalence, intensity and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Ardabil province of Northwest Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 81 (1): 13-17.
Dyab, K.A.; Hassanein, A.A.; Metwally, S.E.; and Gaad, H. M. (2005): Hydatidosis among man and animals in Assiut and Aswan Governorates. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 35 (1): 157–166.
El Berbri, I.; Petavy, A.F.; Umhang, G.; Bouslikhane, M.; Fihri,O.F.; Boué, F. and Dakkak, A. (2015): Epidemiological Investigations on Cystic Echinococcosis in North-West (SidiKacem Province) Morocco: Infection in Ruminants) Advances in Epidemiology, 1-10.
Elmajdoub, L.O. and Wahab A. Rahman, W.A. (2015): Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Animals from Different Areas of Libya. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, (5): 1-10.
Ezatpour, B.; Farhadi, S.J.; Azami, M.; Alirezaei M. and Ebrahimzadeh, F. (2013): Importance of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores from Iran. Indian Society for Parasitology, 1-5.
Grosso, G.; Gruttadauria, S.; Biondi, A.; Marventano, S. and Mistretta, A. (2012): Worldwide epidemiology of liver hydatidosis including the Mediterranean area. World J. Gastroenterol, 18(13): 1425-1437.
Hama, A. A. (2013): Epidemiological study and molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in Suleimani province Kurdistan- Iraq. Doctor of philosophy in biology/ molecular parasitology.
Hama, A.A.; Mero, W.M.S. and Jubrael, J.M.S. (2013): Molecular Identification of Echinococcus granulosus (G1) Strain in Human and Animals. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 1-7.
Hanifian, H.; Diba, K.; Tappeh, K. H.; Mohammadzadeh, H. and Mahmoudlou, R. (2013): Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Strains in Isolated Hydatid Cyst Specimens from Animals by PCR-RFLP Method in West Azerbaijan – Iran. Iranian J Parasitol, 8 (3): 376-381.
Harandi, M. F.; Hajialilo, E. and Shokouhi, M. (2012): Larval Hook Length Measurement for Differentiating G1 and G6 Genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus SensuLato. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 36: 215-8.
Haridy, F.M.; Ibrahim, B.B.; Elshazly, A.M.; Awad, S.E.; Sultan, D.M.; El-Sherbini, G.T. and Morsy, T.A. (2006): Hydatidosis granulosus in Egyptian slaughtered animals in the years 2000–2005. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol., 36 (3): 1087–1100.
Ibrahim, K.; Thomas, R.; Peter, K. and Omer, R.A. (2011): A molecular survey on cystic echinococcosis in Sinnar area, Blue Nile state (Sudan).Chinese Medical Journal, 124(18):2829-2833.
Ibrahim, M. M. (2010): Study of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered animals in Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia: Interaction between some biotic and abiotic factors. Acta Tropica, 113: 26–33.
Iqbal, H. J; Maqbool, A.; Lateef, M.; Khan, M. A.; Riaz, A.; Mahmood, A.; Atif, F. A.; Ali, Z. and Ahmad, M. S. (2012): Studies on hydatidosis in sheep and goats at lahore, pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(4): 894-897.
Jarjees, M.T. and Al-Bakri, H.S. (2012): Incidence of hydatidosis in slaughtered livestock at Mosul, Iraq) Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 26(1): 21-25.
Jing, L.I.; Chuan-shan, Z.; Guo-dong, L.Ü.; Jun-hua, W.; Hao, W.; Gen-qiang, Y.; Xu-fa, W. and Ren-yong, L. (2011): Molecular characterization of a signal-regulated kinase homolog from Echinococcus granulosus. Chin Med J., 124(18):2838-2844.
Kadir, M.A. and Rashid, S.A. (2008): Prevalence of Some Parasitic Helminthes Among Slaughtered Ruminants in Kirkuk Slaughterhouse, Kirkuk, Iraq. J. Vet. Sci., 22(2): 81-85.
Kamhawi, S.; Hijjawi, N.; Abu-Ghazaleh, A.; Abbas, M.; (2009): Prevalence of hydatid cysts in livestock from five regions in Jordan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 89:621–629.
Kebede, N.; Mekonnen, H.; Wossene, A. and Tilahun, G. (2009): Hydatidosis of slaughtered cattle in WolaitaSodo Abattoir, southern Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41(4): 629–633.
Khalf, M.S.; Al–Faham, M.A.; Al-Taie, L. H. and Alhussian H. A. (2014): Genotyping of Echinococcus granulose in Samples of Iraqi Patients). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9 (3): 06-10.
Khoo, K.; Nieto, A.; Morris, H. R. and Dell, A. (1997): Structural characterization of the N-glycans from Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst membrane and protoscoleces. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 86: 237–248.
Konyaev, S.V.; Yanagida, T.; Ivanov, M.V.; Ruppel, V.V.; Sako, Y.; Nakao, M. and Ito, A. (2012): The first report on cystic echinococcosis in a cat caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensustricto (G1). Journal of Helminthology, 86: 391–394.
Köse, M. and Sevimli, F.S. (2008): Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Cattle in Afyonkarahisar. TürkiyeParazitolojiDergisi, 32 (1): 27-30.
Meerkhan, A. A. and Abdullah, A. M. (2012): The Epidemiology of Hydatidosis in Different Slaughtered Animals in Duhok abattoir, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. 2nd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (Indonesia), 45-48.
Mero, W.M.S.; Jubrael, J.M.S. and Hama, A.A. (2014): Prevalence of Hydatid Disease among Slaughtered Animals in Slemani Province/ Kurdistan-Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 2(1): 33-38.
Mitrea, I. L.a; Ionita, M. a; Costin, I. I.a; Predoi, G.a; Avram, E.b; Rinaldi, L c; Maurelli, M. P.c; Cringoli, G.c and Genchi, C.d (2014): Occurrence and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in naturally infected adult sheep and cattle in Romania. Veterinary Parasitology, 206:159–166.
Muqbil, N. A., Al-salami, O. M. and Arabh, H. A. (2012): Prevalence of Unilocular Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Animals in Aden Governorate-Yemen. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(2): 121 – 124.
Nakao, M.; Lavikainen, A.; Yanagid, T. and Ito, A. (2013): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae)). International Journal for Parasitology, 43: 1017–1029.
Qingling, M.; Guanglei, W.; Jun, Q.; Xinquan, Z.; Tianli, L.; Xuemei, S.; Jinsheng, Z.; Huisheng, W.; Kuojun, C. and Huangpu, Ch. (2014): Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Livestock Animals in Xinjiang, China. Korean J Parasitol., 52(3): 331-334.
Rajabloo, M.; Hosseini, S.H.; and Jalousian, F. (2012): Morphological and molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus from goat isolates in Iran. ActaTropica, 123:67–71.
Sadjjadi, M.S. (2006): Present situation of echinococcosis in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Parasitol. Int., 55 (S3): 197–202.
Saeed, I.; Kapel, C.; Saida, L.A.; Willingham, L. and Nansen, P. (2000): Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Arbil province, northern Iraq, 1990–1998. Journal of Helminthology, 74: 83–88.
Saida, L. A. and Nouraddin, A. S. (2011): Epidemiological study of cystic echinococcosis in Man and slaughtered Animals in Erbil province, Kurdistan Regional-Iraq. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 16 (4): 45-50.
Sargali, A.M.A. and Mero, W.M.S. (2013): Epidemiological Study of Hydatid Cyst of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated From Sheep and Goats in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 38-43.
Thompson, R.C.A and Mc Manus, D.P. (2002): Etiology Parasites and life cycles in: Eckert, J.; Gemmell, M.A., and Meslin, F. X. (2002). WHO/OIE Manual of Echinococcosis in Human and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris, France, 17-19.
Torgerson, P.R.; Oguljahan, B.; Muminov, A.E.; Karaeva, R.R.; Kuttubaev, O.T.; Aminjanov, M. and Shaikenov, B. (2006): Present situation of cystic echinococcosis in Central Asia. Parasitol. Int., 55: S207–S212.
Umhang, G.; Chihai, O. and Boué, F. (2014): Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in a hyperendemic European focus, the Republic of Moldova. Parasitol Res., 113: 4371–4376.
Yildiz, K. and Gurcan S. (2003): Prevalence of Hydatidosis and Fertility of Hydatid Cysts in Sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. ActaVeterinaria Hungarica., 51 (2): 181–187.
Ahmad, B.D.; Mero, W.M.S.; Salih, A.M.; Xiao, N. Casulli, A. and Abdo, J. (2013): Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated From Human Hydatid Disease Using Cox1 Gene Sequence in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 72-80.
Al Kitani, F.A.; Al Riyami, Sh.; Al Yahyai, S.; Al awahi, A.H.; Mahir Al aawali, M. and Hussain, M.H. (2015): Abattoir based surveillance of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in the Sultanate of Oman during 2010–2013. Veterinary Parasitology, 211: 208–215.
AL.Bosely, A. R. I. (2014): Studies on epidemiology of hydatid cysts isolated from different intermediate hosts in zakho, Duhok province. Kurdistan region/Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis; Faculty of Science-Univ. of Zakho, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
Al-Abbassy, S.N.; Altaif, K.I.; Jawad, A.K. and Al-Saqur, I.M. (1980): The prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in Iraq. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 74(2):185-7.
Al-Berwari, A. S. M. (2012): Studies on some epidemiological and biochemical parameters on hydatid cyst layers (laminated and germinal) and surrounding host tissues isolated from different intermediate hosts. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Education, University of Zakho, Kurdistan- Region- Iraq.
Al-Shaibani, I.R.M.; Saad, F.A. and Al-Mahdi, H. (2015): Cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals at Dhamar and Taiz governorates, Yemen. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol., 4(2): 596-609.
Andresiuk, M. V.; Gordo, F.P.; Saarma, M.; Elissondoa, M.C.; Taraborelli, A.; Casalonguee, C.; Denegri, G. and Saarma, U. (2013): Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 dominated in cattle and sheep during 2003–2006 in Buenos Aires province, an endemic area for cystic echinococcosis in Argentina. ActaTropica, 127: 136–142.
Azlaf, R. and Dakkak, A. (2006): Epidemiological study of the cystic echinococcosis in Morocco). Veterinary Parasitology, 137: 83–93.
Bajalan, M.M.M. (2006): Prevalence Echinococcosis in Stray Dogs and Slaughtered Livestock in Kalar District/ Sulaimaniyah Province/ Kurdistan, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad.
Barnes, T.S.; Deplazes, P.; Gottstein, B.; Jenkins, D.J.; Mathis, A.; Siles-Lucas, M.; Torgerson, P.R.; Ziadinov, I and Heath, D.D. (2012): Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. ActaTropica, 123: 1–7.
Chaligiannis, I.; Maillard, S.; Boubaker, G.; Spiliotis, M.; Saratsis, A.; Gottstein, B. and Sotiraki, S. (2015): Echinococcus granulosus infection dynamics in livestock of Greece, Acta Tropica 150: 64–70.
Costin, I. I.; Ionita, M.; Predoi, G.; Avram, E.; Rinaldi, L.; Maurelli, M.P. and Mitrea, I.L. (2015): Molecular genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus spread among cattle from Romania. Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology, 208: S5–S120.
Dalimi, A., Motamedi, G.H., Hosseini, M., Mohammadian, B., Malaki, H., Ghamari, Z. & Ghaffari Far, F. (2002) Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 161–171.
Daryani, A.; Alaei, R.; Arab, R.; Sharif, M.; Dehghan, M.H. and Ziaei, H. (2007): The prevalence, intensity and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Ardabil province of Northwest Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 81 (1): 13-17.
Dyab, K.A.; Hassanein, A.A.; Metwally, S.E.; and Gaad, H. M. (2005): Hydatidosis among man and animals in Assiut and Aswan Governorates. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 35 (1): 157–166.
El Berbri, I.; Petavy, A.F.; Umhang, G.; Bouslikhane, M.; Fihri,O.F.; Boué, F. and Dakkak, A. (2015): Epidemiological Investigations on Cystic Echinococcosis in North-West (SidiKacem Province) Morocco: Infection in Ruminants) Advances in Epidemiology, 1-10.
Elmajdoub, L.O. and Wahab A. Rahman, W.A. (2015): Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Animals from Different Areas of Libya. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, (5): 1-10.
Ezatpour, B.; Farhadi, S.J.; Azami, M.; Alirezaei M. and Ebrahimzadeh, F. (2013): Importance of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores from Iran. Indian Society for Parasitology, 1-5.
Grosso, G.; Gruttadauria, S.; Biondi, A.; Marventano, S. and Mistretta, A. (2012): Worldwide epidemiology of liver hydatidosis including the Mediterranean area. World J. Gastroenterol, 18(13): 1425-1437.
Hama, A. A. (2013): Epidemiological study and molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in Suleimani province Kurdistan- Iraq. Doctor of philosophy in biology/ molecular parasitology.
Hama, A.A.; Mero, W.M.S. and Jubrael, J.M.S. (2013): Molecular Identification of Echinococcus granulosus (G1) Strain in Human and Animals. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 1-7.
Hanifian, H.; Diba, K.; Tappeh, K. H.; Mohammadzadeh, H. and Mahmoudlou, R. (2013): Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Strains in Isolated Hydatid Cyst Specimens from Animals by PCR-RFLP Method in West Azerbaijan – Iran. Iranian J Parasitol, 8 (3): 376-381.
Harandi, M. F.; Hajialilo, E. and Shokouhi, M. (2012): Larval Hook Length Measurement for Differentiating G1 and G6 Genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus SensuLato. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 36: 215-8.
Haridy, F.M.; Ibrahim, B.B.; Elshazly, A.M.; Awad, S.E.; Sultan, D.M.; El-Sherbini, G.T. and Morsy, T.A. (2006): Hydatidosis granulosus in Egyptian slaughtered animals in the years 2000–2005. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol., 36 (3): 1087–1100.
Ibrahim, K.; Thomas, R.; Peter, K. and Omer, R.A. (2011): A molecular survey on cystic echinococcosis in Sinnar area, Blue Nile state (Sudan).Chinese Medical Journal, 124(18):2829-2833.
Ibrahim, M. M. (2010): Study of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered animals in Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia: Interaction between some biotic and abiotic factors. Acta Tropica, 113: 26–33.
Iqbal, H. J; Maqbool, A.; Lateef, M.; Khan, M. A.; Riaz, A.; Mahmood, A.; Atif, F. A.; Ali, Z. and Ahmad, M. S. (2012): Studies on hydatidosis in sheep and goats at lahore, pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(4): 894-897.
Jarjees, M.T. and Al-Bakri, H.S. (2012): Incidence of hydatidosis in slaughtered livestock at Mosul, Iraq) Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 26(1): 21-25.
Jing, L.I.; Chuan-shan, Z.; Guo-dong, L.Ü.; Jun-hua, W.; Hao, W.; Gen-qiang, Y.; Xu-fa, W. and Ren-yong, L. (2011): Molecular characterization of a signal-regulated kinase homolog from Echinococcus granulosus. Chin Med J., 124(18):2838-2844.
Kadir, M.A. and Rashid, S.A. (2008): Prevalence of Some Parasitic Helminthes Among Slaughtered Ruminants in Kirkuk Slaughterhouse, Kirkuk, Iraq. J. Vet. Sci., 22(2): 81-85.
Kamhawi, S.; Hijjawi, N.; Abu-Ghazaleh, A.; Abbas, M.; (2009): Prevalence of hydatid cysts in livestock from five regions in Jordan. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 89:621–629.
Kebede, N.; Mekonnen, H.; Wossene, A. and Tilahun, G. (2009): Hydatidosis of slaughtered cattle in WolaitaSodo Abattoir, southern Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41(4): 629–633.
Khalf, M.S.; Al–Faham, M.A.; Al-Taie, L. H. and Alhussian H. A. (2014): Genotyping of Echinococcus granulose in Samples of Iraqi Patients). IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9 (3): 06-10.
Khoo, K.; Nieto, A.; Morris, H. R. and Dell, A. (1997): Structural characterization of the N-glycans from Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst membrane and protoscoleces. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 86: 237–248.
Konyaev, S.V.; Yanagida, T.; Ivanov, M.V.; Ruppel, V.V.; Sako, Y.; Nakao, M. and Ito, A. (2012): The first report on cystic echinococcosis in a cat caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensustricto (G1). Journal of Helminthology, 86: 391–394.
Köse, M. and Sevimli, F.S. (2008): Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Cattle in Afyonkarahisar. TürkiyeParazitolojiDergisi, 32 (1): 27-30.
Meerkhan, A. A. and Abdullah, A. M. (2012): The Epidemiology of Hydatidosis in Different Slaughtered Animals in Duhok abattoir, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. 2nd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (Indonesia), 45-48.
Mero, W.M.S.; Jubrael, J.M.S. and Hama, A.A. (2014): Prevalence of Hydatid Disease among Slaughtered Animals in Slemani Province/ Kurdistan-Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 2(1): 33-38.
Mitrea, I. L.a; Ionita, M. a; Costin, I. I.a; Predoi, G.a; Avram, E.b; Rinaldi, L c; Maurelli, M. P.c; Cringoli, G.c and Genchi, C.d (2014): Occurrence and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in naturally infected adult sheep and cattle in Romania. Veterinary Parasitology, 206:159–166.
Muqbil, N. A., Al-salami, O. M. and Arabh, H. A. (2012): Prevalence of Unilocular Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Animals in Aden Governorate-Yemen. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(2): 121 – 124.
Nakao, M.; Lavikainen, A.; Yanagid, T. and Ito, A. (2013): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae)). International Journal for Parasitology, 43: 1017–1029.
Qingling, M.; Guanglei, W.; Jun, Q.; Xinquan, Z.; Tianli, L.; Xuemei, S.; Jinsheng, Z.; Huisheng, W.; Kuojun, C. and Huangpu, Ch. (2014): Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Livestock Animals in Xinjiang, China. Korean J Parasitol., 52(3): 331-334.
Rajabloo, M.; Hosseini, S.H.; and Jalousian, F. (2012): Morphological and molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus from goat isolates in Iran. ActaTropica, 123:67–71.
Sadjjadi, M.S. (2006): Present situation of echinococcosis in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Parasitol. Int., 55 (S3): 197–202.
Saeed, I.; Kapel, C.; Saida, L.A.; Willingham, L. and Nansen, P. (2000): Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Arbil province, northern Iraq, 1990–1998. Journal of Helminthology, 74: 83–88.
Saida, L. A. and Nouraddin, A. S. (2011): Epidemiological study of cystic echinococcosis in Man and slaughtered Animals in Erbil province, Kurdistan Regional-Iraq. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 16 (4): 45-50.
Sargali, A.M.A. and Mero, W.M.S. (2013): Epidemiological Study of Hydatid Cyst of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated From Sheep and Goats in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Journal of University of Zakho, 1(1): 38-43.
Thompson, R.C.A and Mc Manus, D.P. (2002): Etiology Parasites and life cycles in: Eckert, J.; Gemmell, M.A., and Meslin, F. X. (2002). WHO/OIE Manual of Echinococcosis in Human and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris, France, 17-19.
Torgerson, P.R.; Oguljahan, B.; Muminov, A.E.; Karaeva, R.R.; Kuttubaev, O.T.; Aminjanov, M. and Shaikenov, B. (2006): Present situation of cystic echinococcosis in Central Asia. Parasitol. Int., 55: S207–S212.
Umhang, G.; Chihai, O. and Boué, F. (2014): Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in a hyperendemic European focus, the Republic of Moldova. Parasitol Res., 113: 4371–4376.
Yildiz, K. and Gurcan S. (2003): Prevalence of Hydatidosis and Fertility of Hydatid Cysts in Sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. ActaVeterinaria Hungarica., 51 (2): 181–187.
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2016-06-30
How to Cite
Hassan, Z. I., Mero, W. W., Casulli, A., Interisano, M., & Boufana, B. (2016). Epidemiological Study of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep, Cattle and Goats in Erbil Province. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 4(1), 43–55. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/304
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Science Journal of University of Zakho
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