Molecular Identification of Three Stored Product Insect Species on Dried Fruits and Their Control with the Use of Some Aqueous Plant Extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.365Keywords:
Concentration, LC50, Dried Fruits, DNA Extraction, Mortality, Polymerase Chain ReactionAbstract
Mortality of three insects; red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst), khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) and sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)) were evaluated via some aqueous plant extracts. The identification of three examined insects was carried out via designing specific primers for each aforementioned species with the use of PCR technique. The toxicity of aqueous plant extracts; eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), mint (Mentha canadensis L.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) at three dosages (12500, 25000 and 50000) ppm for 1, 2, 3 and 7 days were tested for their insecticidal activity against examined adults on dried fruits. Percentage mortality of insect was increased with an increase of doses and exposure times, whereas, not influenced significantly by the fruit types. T. castaneum was the most susceptible species, followed by T. granarium and O. surinamensis. Likewise, LC50 values were (3887.25, 10816.34 & 22763.48) on red flour, khapra & sawtoothed grain beetles respectively via using eucalyptus aqueous extract after 7 days on black raisin. While, higher doses required in order to kill fifty percentage of the population via myrtle aqueous extract and thus the LC50 values increased to (14726.86, 18421.43 & 39016.78) on the three aforementioned species respectively.
References
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Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Kohli, R. K., and Kaur, S. (2008). Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. Forest Ecology and Management, 258: P.2166-2174.
Benhalima, H., Chaudhry, M.Q., Mills, K.A., and Price, N.R. (2004). Phosphine resistance in stored-product insects collected from various grain storage facilities in Morocco. Journal of Stored Products Research. 40: 241-249
Bughio, F. M., and Wilkins, R. M. (2004). Influence of malathion resistance status on survival and growth of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), when fed on flour from insect resistant and susceptible grain rice cultivars. Journal of Stored Products Research. 40: 65-75.
Campbell J. F., Arthur F. H., and Mullen M. A. (2004). Insect management in food processing facilities. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 48: 240– 295.
Carughi, A., Feeney, M.J., Kris-Etherton, P., Fulgoni, V., Kendall, C.W., Bulló, M., and Webb, D. (2016). Pairing nuts and dried fruit for cardio metabolic health. Nutrition journal. 15 (23): 1-13.
Castalanelli, M.A., Mikac, K.M., Baker, A.M., Munyard, K., Grimm, M., and Groth, D.M. (2011). Multiple incursions and putative species revealed using a mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic approach to the Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) trapping program in Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 101(3): 333-343
Channoo, C., Tantakom, S., Jiwajinda, S. and Isichaikul, S. (2002). Fumigation toxicity of eucalyptus oil against three stored-product beetles. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 35: 265-272.
Chowdhry, M.A., Maqbool, A.,Mahmood, N., and Andkhalio, I. (1998). Performance of pure and mixed stands for bio-mass and grain yield in hexaploid wheat. Pak. J. Sc. 1: 145 - 147.
Ciepielewska, D., Kordan, B., and Nietupski, M. (2005). Effect of plant extracts on some stored-product insect pests. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. 18 (1): 7-14.
Das, I., Kumar, G., and Shah, N. G. (2013). Microwave heating and alternative quarantine method for disinfestations of stored food grains. International Journal of Food Science. 1-13.
Gnanamanickam S.S. (2009). Rice and Its Importance to Human Life. Biological Control of Rice Diseases. London: Springer 8: 1-11
Gyurova, D., and Enikovam, R. (2014). Dried fruits-brief characteristics of their nutritional values. Authors own data for dietary fibbers content. Journal of Food and Nutrition Science. 2(4): 105-109.
Heather, N.W., and Wilson D. (1983). Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 22, p. 210.
Hill, D.S. (1990). Pests of stored products and their control. Belhaven press, Boca Raton, FL, p, 274.
Khair, A.S.M. (2015). Studies on the Biology of the Red-flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst.,(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different cereal flours (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).
Kileke, K.D., and Ogungbite, O. C. (2014). Entomocidal activity of powders and extracts of four medicinal plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L), Oryzaephilus mercator (Faur) and Ryzopertha dominica (Fabr.). Bio. Sci. 7(1): 57-62.
Li, B., Predel, R., Newpert, S., Hauser, F., Tanaka, Y., Cazzamali, G., Williamson, M. Arakane, Y., Verleyen, P., Schoofs, L., Schachtner, J., Grimelikhuijzen, C., and Park, Y. (2008). Genomics, transcriptomics, and peptidomics of neuropeptids and protein hormones in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Genome Research. 18(1): 113- 122.
Mamun, M. S., Shahjahan, M. and Ahmad, M. (2009). Laboratory evaluation of some indigenous plant extracts as toxicants against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. J. Bangladesh Agri. Univ. 7(1): 1-5.
Ming, Q., Wang, A., and Cheng, C. (2014). Molecular identification of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using PCR-RFLP analysis. Journal of genetics.1-5.
Mishra, B. B., Tripathi, S. P., and Tripathi, C. P. (2012). Repellent effect of leaves essential oils from Eucalyptus globules (Mirtaceae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) against two major stored grain insect pests of coleopterans..Nature and Science. 10 (2): 50-54.
Mohamed, M. I., and Abdelgaleil, S. A. (2008). Chemical composition and insecticidal potential of essential oils from Egyptian plants against Sitophilus oryza (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 43(4): 599-607.
Muell, A., and Olugbade, T.O. (1996). Chemical, biological and pharmacological properties of African medical plants. Journal of ethno pharmacology. 23: 99-118.
Nowaczyk, K.; Obrepalska—Steplowska, A.; Gawlak, M.; Throne, J. E.; Olejarski, P. and Nawrot, J. (2009). Molecular techniques for detection of Tribolium confusum infestations in stored products. J. Econ. Entomol. 102 (4): 1691–1695.
Pai, A., Sharakhov, I.V., Braginets, O., Costa, C., and Yan, G. (2003). Identification of microsatellite markers in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Molecular Ecology Notes. 3(3): 425-427.
Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D. A. (1995). Breeding Field Crops. 4th ed. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University Press.
Rahman, S., Biswas, S. K., Barman, N. C., and Ferdous, T. (2016). Plant extracts as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. J. Biotec. Res. 2(1): 6-10.
Rees, D. P. (2004). Insects of stored products. Csiro Publishing. 1-181.
Risha, E., Mel nahal,A. K., and Schmidt, G. H. (1990). Toxicity of Acorus calamus L oil to the immature stages of some stored-products Coleoptra. Journal of Stored- product Research. 26(3): 133 - 137.
Ronald, P. (2011). Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security. Genetics. 188 (1): 11-20.
Rozen, S., and Skaletsky, H. (2000). Primer3 on the www for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods in molecular biology. 132: 365-386. Source code available at http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/.
Sani, I., Abdulhamid, A., and Bello, F. (2014). Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Phytochemical composition of ethanolic and aqueous of the leaves, stem- bark, root, fruits and seeds. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Reasearch. 3(5): p.523-526.
Sarmamy, A. G., Hashim, H., and Sulayman, A. (2011). Insecticidal effects of some aqueous plant extracts on the control of Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Evert. In International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environment Sciences. Bangkok. 288-292.
Sharma, S., and Choudhary, A. K. (2008). Storage pests management. New Delhi, Mahman Publication House. 1-148.
Singh, S., and Prakash, S. (2015). Effect of temperature and humidity on the culture of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 5 (7): 1-6.
Soni, N., Mehta, S., Satpathy, G., and Gupta, R. K. (2014). Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(2): 158-165.
Sorvari, J., Härkönen, S. K., and Vesterinen, E. J. (2012). First record of an indoor pest sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from wild outdoor wood ant nest. Entomologica Fennica. 23(2): 69-71.
Stephen, J. P. (2003). A new measure of uptake: desorption of untreated posphine from susceptible and resistant strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 39: 507: 520.
Susha, C., and Karnavar, G K. (1993). Effect of azadirachtm on vitelogernc deocyte developement mtrpgpderma grananym Everts. Indian Journal of Expenmental Biology. 31(2): 180 - 190.
Tayoub, G., Abu Alnaser, A., and Ghanem, I. (2012). Fumigant activity of leaf essential oil from Myrtus communis L. against the khapra beetle. Int J, Med, Arom, Plants. 2(1): .207-213.
Varshney R. K., Balyan H. S., and Langridge, P. (2006). Wheat. Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants. Cereals and millets. Kole Ch. (ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg, 1: 79-134.
Wallbank, B.E., and Collins, P.J. (2003). Recent changes in resistance to grain protectants in eastern Australia. p. 66–70. In: Proc. Aust. Postharvest Technical Conference “Stored Ggrain in Australia 2003” (E.J. Wright, M.C. Webb, E. Highley, eds.). Canberra, Australia. p 253.
Walter, V. E. (1990). Stored product pests. Handbook of Pest Control Story.1-67.
Wani, S.H., and Sah, S.K., (2014). Biotechnology and abiotic stress tolerance in rice. J Rice Res 2. p.e105.
Weston, P. A., and Rattlingourd P. A. (2000). Progeny production by Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on maize previously infested by Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 533-535.
Yousif, S. M. H. (2012). The Uses of Microwave Radiation to Control some insects of stored rice and its effects on qualities. M.Sc. thesis, University of Mosul, Education College .1-118.
Yulin, A, Caihua, D, Hongbing, Z., and Guoyao, J. (1999). RAPD assessment of three sibling species of Trogoderma Dejean (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). In: Jin Z, Liang Q, Liang Y,Tan X and Guan L, editors. Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection, 14–19 October 1998; Beijing, China. Chengdu, China. 1755–757.
Zeigler, R.S., and Mohanty, S. (2010). Support for international agricultural research: current status and future challenges. New biotechnology. 27(5): 565-572.
Zettler, J.L., and Cuperus, G.W. (1990). Pesticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1677-1681.
Zhang, H.S., Feng, Z.J., and Cheng, C. (2014). Molecular identification of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum based on PCR-RFLP analyses of 28S rRNA gene. J. Environ. Entomol. 2:.008.
Zhang, T., Wang, Y. J., Guo, W., Luo, D., Wu, Y., Kučerová, Z., Stejskal, V., Opit, G., Cao, Y., Li, F. J., and Li, Z. H. (2016). DNA barcoding, species-specific PCR and real-time PCR techniques for the identification of six Tribolium pests of stored products. Scientific Reports. 6: 1-11.
Zuzana, S., Edita, G., and Ernest, S., (2009). Chemical composition and nurittional quality of wheat grain. Acta Chimica Slovaca. 2(1): 115- 138.
Abdulhay, H. S. (2012). Insecticidal Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Apricot Prunus armeniaca L. Kernels in the Control of Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Al-Mustansiriyah J. Sci. 23(6): 7-18.
Ahmad, F., Sagheer, M., hammad, A., Rahman, S.M., and Hasan, M.U. (2013). Insecticidal activity of some plant extracts against Trogoderma granarium (E.). The Agriculturists. 11(1): 103-111.
Alford, A. R., Cullen, J. A., Storch, R. H., and Bentley, M. D. (1987). Antifeedant activity of limonin against the Colorado potato beetle (Col. Chrysomelidae): Journal of Economic Entomology. 80 (5): 575 - 578.
AL-Jabr, A. M. (2006). Toxicity and repellency of seven plant essential oils to Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrioidae). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences). 7(1): 49-60.
Allen, G. C., Vergara, M. F., Krasnyanski, S., Kumar, S., and Thompson, W. F. (2006). A modiefied protocol for rapid DNA isolation from plant tissues using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Nature Protocol. 1(5): 2320-2325.
Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Kohli, R. K., and Kaur, S. (2008). Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. Forest Ecology and Management, 258: P.2166-2174.
Benhalima, H., Chaudhry, M.Q., Mills, K.A., and Price, N.R. (2004). Phosphine resistance in stored-product insects collected from various grain storage facilities in Morocco. Journal of Stored Products Research. 40: 241-249
Bughio, F. M., and Wilkins, R. M. (2004). Influence of malathion resistance status on survival and growth of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), when fed on flour from insect resistant and susceptible grain rice cultivars. Journal of Stored Products Research. 40: 65-75.
Campbell J. F., Arthur F. H., and Mullen M. A. (2004). Insect management in food processing facilities. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 48: 240– 295.
Carughi, A., Feeney, M.J., Kris-Etherton, P., Fulgoni, V., Kendall, C.W., Bulló, M., and Webb, D. (2016). Pairing nuts and dried fruit for cardio metabolic health. Nutrition journal. 15 (23): 1-13.
Castalanelli, M.A., Mikac, K.M., Baker, A.M., Munyard, K., Grimm, M., and Groth, D.M. (2011). Multiple incursions and putative species revealed using a mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic approach to the Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) trapping program in Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 101(3): 333-343
Channoo, C., Tantakom, S., Jiwajinda, S. and Isichaikul, S. (2002). Fumigation toxicity of eucalyptus oil against three stored-product beetles. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 35: 265-272.
Chowdhry, M.A., Maqbool, A.,Mahmood, N., and Andkhalio, I. (1998). Performance of pure and mixed stands for bio-mass and grain yield in hexaploid wheat. Pak. J. Sc. 1: 145 - 147.
Ciepielewska, D., Kordan, B., and Nietupski, M. (2005). Effect of plant extracts on some stored-product insect pests. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. 18 (1): 7-14.
Das, I., Kumar, G., and Shah, N. G. (2013). Microwave heating and alternative quarantine method for disinfestations of stored food grains. International Journal of Food Science. 1-13.
Gnanamanickam S.S. (2009). Rice and Its Importance to Human Life. Biological Control of Rice Diseases. London: Springer 8: 1-11
Gyurova, D., and Enikovam, R. (2014). Dried fruits-brief characteristics of their nutritional values. Authors own data for dietary fibbers content. Journal of Food and Nutrition Science. 2(4): 105-109.
Heather, N.W., and Wilson D. (1983). Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 22, p. 210.
Hill, D.S. (1990). Pests of stored products and their control. Belhaven press, Boca Raton, FL, p, 274.
Khair, A.S.M. (2015). Studies on the Biology of the Red-flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst.,(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different cereal flours (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).
Kileke, K.D., and Ogungbite, O. C. (2014). Entomocidal activity of powders and extracts of four medicinal plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L), Oryzaephilus mercator (Faur) and Ryzopertha dominica (Fabr.). Bio. Sci. 7(1): 57-62.
Li, B., Predel, R., Newpert, S., Hauser, F., Tanaka, Y., Cazzamali, G., Williamson, M. Arakane, Y., Verleyen, P., Schoofs, L., Schachtner, J., Grimelikhuijzen, C., and Park, Y. (2008). Genomics, transcriptomics, and peptidomics of neuropeptids and protein hormones in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Genome Research. 18(1): 113- 122.
Mamun, M. S., Shahjahan, M. and Ahmad, M. (2009). Laboratory evaluation of some indigenous plant extracts as toxicants against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. J. Bangladesh Agri. Univ. 7(1): 1-5.
Ming, Q., Wang, A., and Cheng, C. (2014). Molecular identification of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using PCR-RFLP analysis. Journal of genetics.1-5.
Mishra, B. B., Tripathi, S. P., and Tripathi, C. P. (2012). Repellent effect of leaves essential oils from Eucalyptus globules (Mirtaceae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) against two major stored grain insect pests of coleopterans..Nature and Science. 10 (2): 50-54.
Mohamed, M. I., and Abdelgaleil, S. A. (2008). Chemical composition and insecticidal potential of essential oils from Egyptian plants against Sitophilus oryza (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 43(4): 599-607.
Muell, A., and Olugbade, T.O. (1996). Chemical, biological and pharmacological properties of African medical plants. Journal of ethno pharmacology. 23: 99-118.
Nowaczyk, K.; Obrepalska—Steplowska, A.; Gawlak, M.; Throne, J. E.; Olejarski, P. and Nawrot, J. (2009). Molecular techniques for detection of Tribolium confusum infestations in stored products. J. Econ. Entomol. 102 (4): 1691–1695.
Pai, A., Sharakhov, I.V., Braginets, O., Costa, C., and Yan, G. (2003). Identification of microsatellite markers in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Molecular Ecology Notes. 3(3): 425-427.
Poehlman, J.M., and Sleper, D. A. (1995). Breeding Field Crops. 4th ed. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University Press.
Rahman, S., Biswas, S. K., Barman, N. C., and Ferdous, T. (2016). Plant extracts as selective pesticide for integrated pest management. J. Biotec. Res. 2(1): 6-10.
Rees, D. P. (2004). Insects of stored products. Csiro Publishing. 1-181.
Risha, E., Mel nahal,A. K., and Schmidt, G. H. (1990). Toxicity of Acorus calamus L oil to the immature stages of some stored-products Coleoptra. Journal of Stored- product Research. 26(3): 133 - 137.
Ronald, P. (2011). Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security. Genetics. 188 (1): 11-20.
Rozen, S., and Skaletsky, H. (2000). Primer3 on the www for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods in molecular biology. 132: 365-386. Source code available at http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/.
Sani, I., Abdulhamid, A., and Bello, F. (2014). Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Phytochemical composition of ethanolic and aqueous of the leaves, stem- bark, root, fruits and seeds. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Reasearch. 3(5): p.523-526.
Sarmamy, A. G., Hashim, H., and Sulayman, A. (2011). Insecticidal effects of some aqueous plant extracts on the control of Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Evert. In International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environment Sciences. Bangkok. 288-292.
Sharma, S., and Choudhary, A. K. (2008). Storage pests management. New Delhi, Mahman Publication House. 1-148.
Singh, S., and Prakash, S. (2015). Effect of temperature and humidity on the culture of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication. 5 (7): 1-6.
Soni, N., Mehta, S., Satpathy, G., and Gupta, R. K. (2014). Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(2): 158-165.
Sorvari, J., Härkönen, S. K., and Vesterinen, E. J. (2012). First record of an indoor pest sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from wild outdoor wood ant nest. Entomologica Fennica. 23(2): 69-71.
Stephen, J. P. (2003). A new measure of uptake: desorption of untreated posphine from susceptible and resistant strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 39: 507: 520.
Susha, C., and Karnavar, G K. (1993). Effect of azadirachtm on vitelogernc deocyte developement mtrpgpderma grananym Everts. Indian Journal of Expenmental Biology. 31(2): 180 - 190.
Tayoub, G., Abu Alnaser, A., and Ghanem, I. (2012). Fumigant activity of leaf essential oil from Myrtus communis L. against the khapra beetle. Int J, Med, Arom, Plants. 2(1): .207-213.
Varshney R. K., Balyan H. S., and Langridge, P. (2006). Wheat. Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants. Cereals and millets. Kole Ch. (ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg, 1: 79-134.
Wallbank, B.E., and Collins, P.J. (2003). Recent changes in resistance to grain protectants in eastern Australia. p. 66–70. In: Proc. Aust. Postharvest Technical Conference “Stored Ggrain in Australia 2003” (E.J. Wright, M.C. Webb, E. Highley, eds.). Canberra, Australia. p 253.
Walter, V. E. (1990). Stored product pests. Handbook of Pest Control Story.1-67.
Wani, S.H., and Sah, S.K., (2014). Biotechnology and abiotic stress tolerance in rice. J Rice Res 2. p.e105.
Weston, P. A., and Rattlingourd P. A. (2000). Progeny production by Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) on maize previously infested by Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 533-535.
Yousif, S. M. H. (2012). The Uses of Microwave Radiation to Control some insects of stored rice and its effects on qualities. M.Sc. thesis, University of Mosul, Education College .1-118.
Yulin, A, Caihua, D, Hongbing, Z., and Guoyao, J. (1999). RAPD assessment of three sibling species of Trogoderma Dejean (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). In: Jin Z, Liang Q, Liang Y,Tan X and Guan L, editors. Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection, 14–19 October 1998; Beijing, China. Chengdu, China. 1755–757.
Zeigler, R.S., and Mohanty, S. (2010). Support for international agricultural research: current status and future challenges. New biotechnology. 27(5): 565-572.
Zettler, J.L., and Cuperus, G.W. (1990). Pesticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1677-1681.
Zhang, H.S., Feng, Z.J., and Cheng, C. (2014). Molecular identification of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum based on PCR-RFLP analyses of 28S rRNA gene. J. Environ. Entomol. 2:.008.
Zhang, T., Wang, Y. J., Guo, W., Luo, D., Wu, Y., Kučerová, Z., Stejskal, V., Opit, G., Cao, Y., Li, F. J., and Li, Z. H. (2016). DNA barcoding, species-specific PCR and real-time PCR techniques for the identification of six Tribolium pests of stored products. Scientific Reports. 6: 1-11.
Zuzana, S., Edita, G., and Ernest, S., (2009). Chemical composition and nurittional quality of wheat grain. Acta Chimica Slovaca. 2(1): 115- 138.
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2017-06-30
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Khidr, S. K., Agha, W. N., & Amin, A. H. (2017). Molecular Identification of Three Stored Product Insect Species on Dried Fruits and Their Control with the Use of Some Aqueous Plant Extracts. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.365
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