Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2021.9.1.771Keywords:
Bottled water, Water quality, Heavy Metals, Pollution IndicesAbstract
Recently Bottled waters became the main resources for drinking water supply, where the use of bottled waters in some region has exchanged the distribution system of drinking water. However, several different chemicals may be found in drinking bottled water, for instance heavy metals, that have accumulated in lethal amounts which could affect human health after prolonged periods of exposure. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate some bottled water brands in Kurdistan region of Iraq in term of their contents of heavy metal comparing with both WHO and SQI water standards. About 108 samples were collected (18 brands; 6 samples from each brand) from October to December 2019, bought randomly from grocery shops and supermarkets in Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were also calculated for evaluating the overall quality of bottled water. Results of individual criteria revealed that, excluding Cd and Hg, heavy metals content in all bottled water samples were lower than approved limits according to Iraqi's (IQS:417) and WHO standards. Though, the results exhibited that Cd content in some of the studied water samples was greater than the allowable limits (3μg/L) according to the depended standards. Concerning the values of metal pollution indices, although there were higher HPI values than critical value (100) in three water brands i.e. Al-Joud, Al-Waha and Sanbenedetto, the indices values for all other bottled water were below the critical value. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that except for Cd value in few brands and all Hg values, the studied bottled water are safe for drinking. Moreover, companies of bottled water package are recommended to monitor their products through analyzing the water sample periodically and use activated carbon filtration to ensure the safety of drinking bottled water.
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Karamanis D, Stamoulis K, Ioannides KG. (2007). Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece. Desalination, 213, 90–97.
Karvelas M, Katsoyiannis A, Samara C. Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere. 2003; 53(10): 1201-10.
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Lim J, Lawless HT. 2006. Detection thresholds and taste qualities of iron salts. Food Qual Pref 17:513–21.
M. Y. Al-Ami, S. M. Al-Nakib, N. M. Ritha, A. M. Nouri, A. Al-Assina, Water quality index applied to the classification and zoning of Al-Jayshcanal, Bagdad, Iraq, J Environ. Sci. Health A. 22 (1987) 305–319.
Maria-Alexandra H, Roman C, Ristoiu D, Popita G, Tanaselia C. Assessing of water quality pollution Indices for heavy metal contamination. A study case from Medias City groundwaters. Agric Sci Pract; 3-4: 25-31. (2013).
Miranzadeh MB, Hassani AH, Iranshahi L, Ehsanifar M., Heidari M. Study of microbial quality and heavy metal determination in 15 brands of Iranian bottled drinking water during 2009-2010. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2011; (1): 44-8.
Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P., Reddy, S.J. (1996): Estimation of heavy metal in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. - Journal of Environmental Science and Health 31: 283-289.
Nkono, NA. and Asubiojo, OI. (1997). Trace elements in bottled and soft drinks in Nigeria-a preliminary study. The Science of the Total Environment 208: 161-163.
Onkar, S. B., Sulochana, J. (2015). Evaluation of Water Quality Pollution Indices for Heavy Metal Contamination Monitoring in the Water of Harike Wetland (Ramsar Site), India. Int. J. Sci. and Research Publications, 5: 1-6.
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Reddy, S. J. (1995): Encyclopedia of environmental pollution and control. - Environmental media, Karela, India.
Reza, R., Singh, G. (2010). Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7: 785–792. https:// doi.org /10.1007 /BF03326187.
Salmani MH, Talebi P, Ebrahimpoor O. (2017). Investigating the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Bottled Water and Comparing with its Standard: Case Study. J Environ Health Sustain Dev., 2(3): 340-7.
Suffet I. H., Mallevialle J., Kawczynski E. (1995). Advances in taste-and-odor treatment and control. Denver: American Water Works Assn. Research Foundation. p 385.
Turk, T. and Alp, I. (2010). Adsorption of as (III) from Water Using Mg-Fe-Hydrotalcite (FeHT). Ekoloji 19 (74):77-88.
Warburton, DWA. (1993). Review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada. Part 2. The need for more stringent standards and regulations. Can. J. Microbiol., 39:158-168.
WHO, (2001). Water health and human rights, World Water Day. Available online at http://www.worldwaterday.org/themtic/ hmnrights. html.n4.
WHO, (2007). Chemical safety of drinking water: assessing priorities for risk management. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abdelhady El-Hady, A. M., E. F. Abdelaty and A. E. Boder. (2017). Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution of Some Water Resources (Kafr El-Dawar—Egypt), Natural Resources, 8: 306-319.
Abdullah E. J., S. Z. A. K. Al-Mashaikie. (2016). Geochemical Impacts of the Physical Parameters and Heavy Metals Risk of the Drinking Bottled Water Produced and Marketed in Baghdad City, Iraq, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6(14).
Al-Mashaikie, S. Z. A. K. and Ena'am J. A. (2015). Quality assessment of physico-chemical parameters for various bottled waters marketed in Baghdad City, Iraq; An environmental approach. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5(2): 125-136.
Al-Saleh, I. and Al-Doush, I. (1998). "Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia". The Science of the Total Environment, 216:181-192.
Ameen, H. A. (2019). Physicochemical quality evaluation of some brands of bottled water in Kurdistan region, Iraq: comparison of analytical results with labels and standards. Journal of university of Duhok., (22) 1, (agri. And vet. Sciences): 221-233.
Backman, B.; Bodis D, Lahermo, P.; Rapant, S.; Tarvainen, T. (1977). Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia. Environ. Geology., 36: 55-64.
Bakan, G.; Özkoç, H.B.; Tülek, S.; Cüce, H. (2010). Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 10: 453–462.
Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC), (2008). Market report findings. BMC, from http://www.beverage marketing.co.
Boateng TK:Opoku F,Acquaah S. O., Akoto, O. (2015). Pollution evaluation, sources and risk assessment of heavy metals in hand-dug wells from Ejisu-Juaben Municipality, Ghana. Environ. Syst. Res. 4(1): 18. https://doi.org/ 10.11 86/s40068-O 15-0045-y.
Brown R.M. McClelland N.I. Deininger R.A. and Tozer R.G., (1970). A Water Quality Index- Do We Dare, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201- 016-0451.
Brraich O.S. and Jangu S., (2015). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring in the water of Harike Wetland (Ramsar Site), India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(2): 1-6.
Chitsazan M, Dorraninejad M, Zarasvandi A, et al. (2009). Occurrence, distribution and source of heavy metals in deep groundwater wells in Maydavood area, southwestern Iran. Environ Geol. 58(4): 727-37.
Drinking-Water Standard, (IQS:417), (2001). Central Organization for Quality Control and Standardization, Council of Ministers, Republic of Iraq.
Duffus J. H. (2002). Heavy metals, a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5): 793-807.
Edet A. E., Offiong O. E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southeastern Nigeria). Geo J. 57:295- 304.
Ehi-Eromosele C. O., Okiei, W. O. (2012). Resources and Environment, 2(3): 82-86 DOI :10.5923/j.re.20120203.01
European Federation of Bottled Water (EFBW), (2006). The bottled water industry in figures. Brussels, Belgium: EFBW. http://www.efbw.org/about/industry.
Guler, C. (2007). Evaluation of maximum contaminant levels in Turkish bottled drinking waters utilizing parameters reported on manufacturer’s labeling and government-issued production licenses. Journal of Food Composition Analysis, 20, 262–272.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic. Pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14: 975–1001.
Horton, R. K. (1965). An index system for rating water quality. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37(3):300–306.
Ikem, A. Odueyungbo, S. Egiebro, NO. and Nyavor, K. (2002). Chemical quality of bottled waters from three cities in eastern Alabama. Sci. Total Environ., 285: 165-175.
Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, et al. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014; 7(2): 60-72.
Karamanis D, Stamoulis K, Ioannides KG. (2007). Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece. Desalination, 213, 90–97.
Karvelas M, Katsoyiannis A, Samara C. Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere. 2003; 53(10): 1201-10.
Kowalska, J. B., Ryszard M., M. G. Siorek. Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review, Environ Geochem Health (2018) 40:2395–2420, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z.
Levin, R.; Schock, M.R.; Marcus, A.H. Exposure to Lead in U. S. drinking water. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1989.
Lim J, Lawless HT. 2006. Detection thresholds and taste qualities of iron salts. Food Qual Pref 17:513–21.
M. Y. Al-Ami, S. M. Al-Nakib, N. M. Ritha, A. M. Nouri, A. Al-Assina, Water quality index applied to the classification and zoning of Al-Jayshcanal, Bagdad, Iraq, J Environ. Sci. Health A. 22 (1987) 305–319.
Maria-Alexandra H, Roman C, Ristoiu D, Popita G, Tanaselia C. Assessing of water quality pollution Indices for heavy metal contamination. A study case from Medias City groundwaters. Agric Sci Pract; 3-4: 25-31. (2013).
Miranzadeh MB, Hassani AH, Iranshahi L, Ehsanifar M., Heidari M. Study of microbial quality and heavy metal determination in 15 brands of Iranian bottled drinking water during 2009-2010. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2011; (1): 44-8.
Mohan, S.V., Nithila, P., Reddy, S.J. (1996): Estimation of heavy metal in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. - Journal of Environmental Science and Health 31: 283-289.
Nkono, NA. and Asubiojo, OI. (1997). Trace elements in bottled and soft drinks in Nigeria-a preliminary study. The Science of the Total Environment 208: 161-163.
Onkar, S. B., Sulochana, J. (2015). Evaluation of Water Quality Pollution Indices for Heavy Metal Contamination Monitoring in the Water of Harike Wetland (Ramsar Site), India. Int. J. Sci. and Research Publications, 5: 1-6.
Prasad B. and Bose, J., (2001). Evaluation of the heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology, 41(1-2): 183-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100380.
Reddy, S. J. (1995): Encyclopedia of environmental pollution and control. - Environmental media, Karela, India.
Reza, R., Singh, G. (2010). Heavy metal contamination and its indexing approach for river water. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7: 785–792. https:// doi.org /10.1007 /BF03326187.
Salmani MH, Talebi P, Ebrahimpoor O. (2017). Investigating the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Bottled Water and Comparing with its Standard: Case Study. J Environ Health Sustain Dev., 2(3): 340-7.
Suffet I. H., Mallevialle J., Kawczynski E. (1995). Advances in taste-and-odor treatment and control. Denver: American Water Works Assn. Research Foundation. p 385.
Turk, T. and Alp, I. (2010). Adsorption of as (III) from Water Using Mg-Fe-Hydrotalcite (FeHT). Ekoloji 19 (74):77-88.
Warburton, DWA. (1993). Review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada. Part 2. The need for more stringent standards and regulations. Can. J. Microbiol., 39:158-168.
WHO, (2001). Water health and human rights, World Water Day. Available online at http://www.worldwaterday.org/themtic/ hmnrights. html.n4.
WHO, (2007). Chemical safety of drinking water: assessing priorities for risk management. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2021-03-30
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Ahmed, S. M. R. (2021). Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 9(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2021.9.1.771
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