Study of Torch Outcome on Pregnancy and Fetus in Women with Bod in Duhok Province – Kurdistan Region – Iraq.
Keywords:
TORCH, BOD, Age, Occupation, LiteracyAbstract
This study included the distribution of TORCH (T. gondii, Rubella, CMV, and HSV- 2) infections among 276 pregnant women of different ages (18 – 45 years), 184 with Bad Obstetric History (BOH) and 92 with normal obstetric history. All cases were examined serologically by ELISA for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against TORCH pathogens. The seropositivity of TORCH infections was significantly higher in women with BOH than those of normal pregnant women with previous normal full term deliveries. As out of 184 pregnant women with BOH, the seropositivity for anti IgG and IgM for T. gondii, CMV, Rubella and HSV-2 were 66 (35.9%) and 6 (3.3%), 159 (86.4%) and 29 (15.8%), 108 (58.7%) and 3 (1.6%) and 104 (56.5%) and 20 (10.9%), respectively. Out of 92 examined normal pregnant women, the seropositivity for anti IgG and IgM for T. gondii, CMV, Rubella and HSV-2 were 38 (41.3%) and one case (1.1%) ,79 (85.9%) and 5 (5.4%), 43 (46.7%),1 (1.1%), and48 (52.2%) and 4 (4.3%), respectively. Regarding age, young ages (25-31 years) showed higher rates of seropositivity, for T.gondii, CMV and HSV-2 which was 57.1% (105/184) than older ages(39-45 years) in which it was only 1.1% (2/184).except Rubella which showed high seropositivity among all ages. Regarding occupation, housewives showed higher seropositivity(74.3%) than employed women (40.2%). With respect to period of gestation, for all agents high infection rates (45.7%) occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy and the lowest(12.5%) was recorded in third trimester stages.
References
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Stern, J. J; Cerrillo, M.; Dorfmann, A. D; Coulam, C. B . and Gutierrez-Najar, A. J. (1996). Frequency of abnormal karyotypes among abortuses from women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil. Steril., 65:250 –3.
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Vilibic –Cavlek ,T.; Ljubin-Sternak, S.; Ban ,M.; Kolaric, B.; Sviben, M.; Mlinaric-Galinovic, G.(2011). Seroprevalence of TORCH infections in women of childbearing age in Croatia. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.2.:280-3.
Wegmann, T. G.; Lin, H.; Guilbert, L. and Mosmann, T. R.(1993). Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal–fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a Th2 phenomenon. Immunol. Today,14:353–356.
Zhang ,Q.Q.; Cheng, J.Z.(2012).Investigation on TORCH infections for pregnant women and neonates in Yan an City, China. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi (4):386 -392.
Abdel-Fattah, S.A.; Bhat, A., Illanes, S.; Bartha, J.L, Carrington, D .(2005). "TORCH test for fetal medicine indications: only CMV is necessary in the United Kingdom". Prenat. Diagn., 25 (11): 1028–1031.
Abdul-Mohymen, N; Amal, H; Farouk, K. (2009).Association between TORCH agents and recurrent spontaneous abortion in Baghdad. Iraqi J. Med Sci .,7 (4):40-46.
AI-Hindi, A; AI-Helou, T;AL-Helou, Y.(2010). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella virus and Chlamydia trachmatis among infertile women attending in vitro fertilization center, Gaza strip, Palestine. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol., 40(2): 451-8.
Al - Taie, A. (2010). Serological Study For TORCH Infections In Women With High Delivery Risk Factors In Mosul. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol.15 (1): 193 - 198.
Denkers, E. Y.and Gazzinelli, R. T.(1998). Regulation and function of T-cell-mediated immunity during T.gondii infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 11: 569–588.
Denoj Sebastian, K. F.; Zuhara , K. ;Sekaran.N. (2008).Influence of TORCH infections in first trimester miscarriage in the Malabar region of Kerala. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2: 056-059.
Frey, R. J.(1999). TORCH Tests. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 1st Edition. Gale Research Group.
Golalipour, M.J; Khodabakhshi, B. and Ghaemi, E .(2009).Possible role of TORCH agents in congenital malformations in Gorgan, northern Islamic Republic of Iran. La Revue de la Mediterranee orientale,Vol.15 (2): 330 - 336 (Abstract).
Gomella, T.L.(1994). Infectious Diseases: TORCH Infections. In Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases and Drugs, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
Goncalves, M.A; Matos, C.B; Spegiorin, L.C; Oliani, D.C.; Mattos, L.A. (2010). Seropositivity rate for Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis and HIV among pregnant women receiving care at a public health service, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 14(6):601-605.
Hadi, N. J. (2011).Prevalence of Antibodies of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella Viruses and Toxoplasma gondii among aborted women in Thiqar province, Iraq. Tikrit Medical Journal, 17 (4): 3 - 9.
Jasim, M.; Hadeel, A.; Ali, I. (2011). Performance of Serological Diagnosis of TORCH Agents in Aborted versus non aborted Women of Waset province in Iraq. Tikrit Medical Journal.,17(2):141-147
Lewis, R. A.(2007). Torch screen , Columbia University Pediatric Faculty Practice, NY. Review provided by Veri Med Healthcare Network.
Marzi, M.; Vigano, A.; Tabattoni, D.; Villa, M. L; Salvaggio, A. (1996). Characterization of type 1 and type 2 cytokine profile in physiologic and pathologic human pregnancy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 106: 127-133.
Mladina, N.; Mehikic, G.; Pasic,k. (2002).TORCH infections in mothers as a cause of neonatal morbidity. A. Med Arh.,54(5-6):273-276.
Morton, N. E.; Chiu, D.; Holland ,C.; Jacob, P. A. and Pettay, D.(1987). Chromosome anomalies as predictors of recurrent risk for spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Med. Genet., 28:353– 360.
Nabi, S.N; Wasey, A.F.; HaiderKhan, A.A.; Hoque, M. M.(2012). Seroprevalene of TORCH Antibody in Pregnant Women in Bangladesh. JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 8(1): 35 - 39.
Newton, E.(1999). Diagnosis of perinatal TORCH infections. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 42:59-70.
Rajendra, B. S.; Usha, P.; Kamlakar, R.K.; Khadse, M.S.; QaziSuresh, V. j. (2006). Serological study for TORCH infections in women with bad obstetric history in Nagpur. India , J. Obstet. Gynecol. India,56(1) :41-43.
Sadik, M.S.; Fatima, H.; Jamil, K.; Patil, C. (2012). Study of TORCH profile in patients with bad obstetric history .India, Biology and Medicine, 4 (2): 95-101.
Shirahata, T.;Muroyo ,N.; Ohta, C.; Goto, H. and Nakane, A.(1992). Correlation between increased susceptibility to primary T. gondii infection and depressed production of gamma interferon in pregnant mice. Microbiol. Immunol., 36: 81-91.
Stern, J. J; Cerrillo, M.; Dorfmann, A. D; Coulam, C. B . and Gutierrez-Najar, A. J. (1996). Frequency of abnormal karyotypes among abortuses from women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil. Steril., 65:250 –3.
Thongchai, T.; Ruengpung, S.; Louisirirotchanakul.S.; Puthavathana,P. and Chantapong, W. (1997).Immune Status in Congenital Infections by TORCH Agents in Pregnant Thais. Thailand, Asian pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, 15 : 93-97.
Vilibic –Cavlek ,T.; Ljubin-Sternak, S.; Ban ,M.; Kolaric, B.; Sviben, M.; Mlinaric-Galinovic, G.(2011). Seroprevalence of TORCH infections in women of childbearing age in Croatia. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.2.:280-3.
Wegmann, T. G.; Lin, H.; Guilbert, L. and Mosmann, T. R.(1993). Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal–fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a Th2 phenomenon. Immunol. Today,14:353–356.
Zhang ,Q.Q.; Cheng, J.Z.(2012).Investigation on TORCH infections for pregnant women and neonates in Yan an City, China. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi (4):386 -392.
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2015-09-30
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Al-Saeed, A. T., Abdulmalek, I. Y., & Ismail, H. G. (2015). Study of Torch Outcome on Pregnancy and Fetus in Women with Bod in Duhok Province – Kurdistan Region – Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 3(2), 171–182. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/129
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