Keratinolytic and Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungi from Carpet Dust in Mosques and Residentialhouses in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.293Keywords:
Keratinolytic fungi, opportunistic pathogens, carpet dust, IraqAbstract
One hundred samples of carpet dusts (50 samples from residential houses and 50 samples from mosques) were collected from different sites in Duhok province during the year 2014 to 2015 for the objective of the study of the occurrence of keratinolytic and other potentially pathogenic fungi using hair baiting method. A total of 24 fungal species (17 species from house dust) and (12 species from mosque dust) in addition to non-sporulating mycelia and yeasts were isolated and identified. The keratinolytic species Arthroderma cuniculi, Chrysosporium tropicum and Gymnoascus ressii were detected. Potentially pathogenic fungi in the genera Aspergillus, Arthrographis,Geomyces, Microascus,Scopulariopsis and Neoscytalidium were also able to colonize and grow on baited hairs.
References
Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Musa, A.A. (2000). The incidence of keratinophilic and actidione resistance fungi in the floor dust of residential houses in Basrah. Basrah J. Science B. 18 (1): 45-54
Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Musa, A.A. (2011). Isolation of keratinophilic and actidione resistance fungi in the floor dust of mosques in Basrah , Iraq . 2nd Sci. Conf. Biol. Sci. Mosul Univ. P. 58-70
Abdullah, S.K. and Hassan, D.A. (1995). Isolation of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from surface sediments of the Shatt Al-Arab River and it is creeks at Basrah, Iraq. Mycoses 38: 163-166.
Al-Barzanji, V.B.N. (2009). Isolation and identification of fungi from indoor dust and their correlation with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Ph. D thesis .Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.133 pp.
Ali-Shtayeh, M.S. and Al-Sheikh, B.S. (1988). Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from the floor dust of Arab kindergarten schools in the West Bank of Jordan. Mycopathologia.103:69-73.
Ali-Shtayeh, M.S. and Jamous, M.F. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes in polluted soil and water habitats. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwaha, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia, Bilbao, spam pp. 51-69 .
Augustyniuk–kram, A. and Dmowska, E. (2013). Spectrum and concentration of culturable fungi in House dust from Flats in Warsaw, Poland. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13: 1438-1447.
Campbell, C.K. and Mulder, J.L. (1997). Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum sp. nov. Sabouroud 15: 161-166.
Currah, R.S. (1985). Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceaec, Myxotrichaceae and Onygenaceae. Mycotaxon. 24:1-216.
de Hoog . G.S., Guarro, J., Gene, J. and Figueras, M.J. (2001). Atlas of clinical fungi 2nd-ed. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrechet .The Netherlands.
Deshmukh, S. K. and Verekar, S.A. (2012). Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in Public Park soils of Mumbai, India. Microbiology Research 3: 24-27.
Ellis, M.B.(1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. C.A.B.Commonwealth Mycological Institute,Kew,surrey,England.608 p.
Ellis, D., Davis, S. Alexon, H., Handke, R. and Bartly, R. (2007). Description of medical fungi. Adeleide, Australia.
English, M.P. (1965). The saprophytic growth of non-keratinophilic fungi on keratinized substrata and a comparison with keratinophilic fungi. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc.48(2):219-235.
Filipello Marchisio, V. (1986) .Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in Childern`s sandpits in the city of Turin. Mycopathologia 94: 163-172.
Filipello Marchisio, V. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi: Their role in nature and degradation of keratinic substrates. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwahe, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia , Balbao , Spain PP.86-92.
Filipello Marchisio, V., Fusconi, A., Rigo, S. (1994). keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi . Mycopathologia 127: 103-115
Griffin, D.M. (1960). Fungal colonization of sterile hair in contact with soil. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 43: 583-596
Guarro, J., Gene, J., Stchigel, A.M. and Figueras, M.J. (2012). Atlas of soil ascomycetes, CBS Brodiversity series. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 485 p
Iwen, P., Schutte, S.D., Florescu, D.F., Noel-Hurst, R.K and Sigler, L. (2012). Invasive Scopulariopsis brevoculis infection in immunocompromised patient and review of prior cases of Scopulariopsis and Microascus species Med. Mycol. 50: 561-569.
Kachuei, R., Emami, M, Naeimi, B and Diba, K. (2012). Isolation keratinophilic fungi from soil in Isfahan province, Iran, Journal de Mycologie Medical 22;8-13.
Kim,J.D.(2003). Keratinolytic activity of five Aspergillus species isolated from poultry farming soil in Korea. Mycobiology 31(1);157-161.
Klich,M.A.(2002). Identification of common Aspergillus species. CBS. Utrecht. The Netherlands. 116p.
Kunert, J. (2000) .Physiology of keratinophilic fungi. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. (eds.) Kushwahe, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia , Bilbao , Spain. PP. 77-85
Kushwaha,R.K.S.(2000).The genus Chrysosporium, its physiology and biotechnological potential. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwaha,R.K.S and Guarro,J. Revista Iberica de Micologia ,Bilbao, Spain. Pp 66-76.
Liu, D and Paterson, R.M (2011). Chrysosporium In. Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens, Universidade de Minho pp. 197-201.
Madrida, H., Ruiz-Cendoya, M., Cano, J., Stchigel, A., Orofino, R. and Guarro, J. (2009). Genotyping and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Neocytalidium dimidiatum isolates from different origin. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34: 351-354.
Maghazy, S. (2002). Incidence of dermatophytes and cycloheximide resistance fungi on healthy children hairs and nails in nurseries. Mycopathologia 154(4) 171-175.
Majchrawicz ,I .and Dominik,T.(1969). Further contribution to the knowledge of keratinolytic and keratinophilic soil fungi of the region of
Szczecin: Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in the immediate surroundings cattle. Ekolpol.17:87-116.
Marchantani, R., Marselle, R. Labiasei, L. and Fulvi, F. (1983). Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from floor dust in Romanian primary school. Mycopathologia 82: 115-120.
Morihara, K., Oka, T., Tsuzaki, H. (1967). Multiple proteolytic enzymes of Streptomyces fradiee: production, isolation and preliminary characterization. Biochim. Biophgs. Acta 139: 382-397.
Neglia,J.P.,Hurd,D.D.,Ferrieri,P and Snover,D.C. (1987).Invasive Scopulariopsis in the immunocompromised host. Am. J.Med.83:1163-1166.
Oorschot, Van, C.A.N. (1980). A revision of Chrysosporium and allied genera. Stud. Mycol. 20: 1-89.
Patel, R., Gustraferro, C.A., Krom, R.A., Wiesner, R.H., Roberts, G.D and Paya, C.V. (1993). Phaeohyphomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brumptii in a liver transplant recipient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 198-200.
Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. (1997). Fungal and Food Spoilage 2thed. London, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional. pp.511
Ragge, N.K., Hart, J.C., Easty, D.I and Tyers, A.G. (1990). A case of fungal keratitis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: treatment with antifungal agents and penetrating keratoplasty. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 74: 561-562.
Rajak, R.C., Malviya, H.D., Deshpande, H. and Hasija, S.K. (1992). Keratinolysis by Absidia cylindrospora and Rhizomucor puxillus: biochemical proof. Mycopathologia. 118:109-114.
Raper, K.B. and Fennell, D.I. (1965). The genus Aspergillus. Baltimore, U.S.A. Williaws and Wilkins
Samson, R.A., Hoekstra, E.S., Frisvad, J.C., and Filtenborg, O. (2000). Introduction to food and Air born fungi 6thed.Baarn, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures
Samson, R.A., Noonim, P., and Varga, J. (2007).Diagnosis tools to identify black Aspergilli. Stud.Mycol.59:129-145
Sandoval-Denis, M., Sutton, D.A., Fothergill, A.W., Cano-Lira, J., Gene, J., Decock, C.A., de Hoog, G.S. and Guarro, J. (2013). Scopulariopsis, a poorly known opportunistic fungus: Spectrum of species in clinical samples and In vitro responses to Antifungal drugs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51(12) 3937-3943.
Sandoval-Denis, M., Gene, J., Sutton, D.A., Cano-lira, J.F., de Hoog, G.S., Decock, C.A., Wiederhod, N.P. and Guarro, J. (2016). Redefining Microascus , Scopulariopsis and allied genera. Perroonia 36:1-36.
Scott, J.A. and Untereiner, W.A. (2004). Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure. Medical Mycology 42: 239-246.
Stebbins, W.G. (2004). Cutaneous adiaspiromycosis: A distinct dermatologic entity associated with Chrysosporium species. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 51(6): 1040.
Stillwell,W.T., Rubin, B.D. and Axerord, J.L. (1984). Chrysosporium, a new causative agent in Osteomyctitis, A case report. Clinic. Orthop. Relat Res. 184: 190-192.
Sugiura, Y. and Hironaga, M. (2010). Arthrographis kalrae, a rare causal agent of onychomycosis, and it is occurrence in natural and commercially available soils. Med. Mycol. 48: 384-389
Tosti, A., Piraccini, B.M., Stinchi, C. and Lorenzi, S. (1996). Onychomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, clinical features and response to systemic antifungal. Br. J. Dermatol. 135: 799-802
Vanbreuseghem,R.(1952).Technique biologique pour I isolement des dermatophytes du sol. Ann.Soc.Belg.Med.Trop.32:173-179.
Vos, C.G., Murk, J.L, A.N., Hartemink, K.J., Daniels, J.M.A., Paul, M.A. and Debets-Ossenkopp, Y.J. (2012). A rare pulmonary infection caused by Arthrographis kalrae. Journal of Medical Microbiology 61: 593-595.
Xi, L., Fukushima, K., Lu, C., Takizawa, K., Liao, R and Nishimura, K. (2004). First case of Arthrographis kalrae ethmoid sinusitis and ophthalmitis in the people`s Repub lic of China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4828-4831.
Zaghoul, T.L., Al-Bahra, M. and Al-Azmel, H. (1998). Isolation, identification and keratinolytic activity of several feather- degrading bacterial isolates. APPI. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70: 207-213.
Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Musa, A.A. (2011). Isolation of keratinophilic and actidione resistance fungi in the floor dust of mosques in Basrah , Iraq . 2nd Sci. Conf. Biol. Sci. Mosul Univ. P. 58-70
Abdullah, S.K. and Hassan, D.A. (1995). Isolation of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from surface sediments of the Shatt Al-Arab River and it is creeks at Basrah, Iraq. Mycoses 38: 163-166.
Al-Barzanji, V.B.N. (2009). Isolation and identification of fungi from indoor dust and their correlation with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Ph. D thesis .Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.133 pp.
Ali-Shtayeh, M.S. and Al-Sheikh, B.S. (1988). Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from the floor dust of Arab kindergarten schools in the West Bank of Jordan. Mycopathologia.103:69-73.
Ali-Shtayeh, M.S. and Jamous, M.F. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes in polluted soil and water habitats. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwaha, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia, Bilbao, spam pp. 51-69 .
Augustyniuk–kram, A. and Dmowska, E. (2013). Spectrum and concentration of culturable fungi in House dust from Flats in Warsaw, Poland. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13: 1438-1447.
Campbell, C.K. and Mulder, J.L. (1997). Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum sp. nov. Sabouroud 15: 161-166.
Currah, R.S. (1985). Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceaec, Myxotrichaceae and Onygenaceae. Mycotaxon. 24:1-216.
de Hoog . G.S., Guarro, J., Gene, J. and Figueras, M.J. (2001). Atlas of clinical fungi 2nd-ed. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrechet .The Netherlands.
Deshmukh, S. K. and Verekar, S.A. (2012). Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in Public Park soils of Mumbai, India. Microbiology Research 3: 24-27.
Ellis, M.B.(1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. C.A.B.Commonwealth Mycological Institute,Kew,surrey,England.608 p.
Ellis, D., Davis, S. Alexon, H., Handke, R. and Bartly, R. (2007). Description of medical fungi. Adeleide, Australia.
English, M.P. (1965). The saprophytic growth of non-keratinophilic fungi on keratinized substrata and a comparison with keratinophilic fungi. Trans.Br.Mycol.Soc.48(2):219-235.
Filipello Marchisio, V. (1986) .Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in Childern`s sandpits in the city of Turin. Mycopathologia 94: 163-172.
Filipello Marchisio, V. (2000). Keratinophilic fungi: Their role in nature and degradation of keratinic substrates. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwahe, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia , Balbao , Spain PP.86-92.
Filipello Marchisio, V., Fusconi, A., Rigo, S. (1994). keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi . Mycopathologia 127: 103-115
Griffin, D.M. (1960). Fungal colonization of sterile hair in contact with soil. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 43: 583-596
Guarro, J., Gene, J., Stchigel, A.M. and Figueras, M.J. (2012). Atlas of soil ascomycetes, CBS Brodiversity series. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 485 p
Iwen, P., Schutte, S.D., Florescu, D.F., Noel-Hurst, R.K and Sigler, L. (2012). Invasive Scopulariopsis brevoculis infection in immunocompromised patient and review of prior cases of Scopulariopsis and Microascus species Med. Mycol. 50: 561-569.
Kachuei, R., Emami, M, Naeimi, B and Diba, K. (2012). Isolation keratinophilic fungi from soil in Isfahan province, Iran, Journal de Mycologie Medical 22;8-13.
Kim,J.D.(2003). Keratinolytic activity of five Aspergillus species isolated from poultry farming soil in Korea. Mycobiology 31(1);157-161.
Klich,M.A.(2002). Identification of common Aspergillus species. CBS. Utrecht. The Netherlands. 116p.
Kunert, J. (2000) .Physiology of keratinophilic fungi. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. (eds.) Kushwahe, R.K.S. and Guarro, J: Revista Iberoamericane de Micologia , Bilbao , Spain. PP. 77-85
Kushwaha,R.K.S.(2000).The genus Chrysosporium, its physiology and biotechnological potential. In Biology of Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi (eds.) Kushwaha,R.K.S and Guarro,J. Revista Iberica de Micologia ,Bilbao, Spain. Pp 66-76.
Liu, D and Paterson, R.M (2011). Chrysosporium In. Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens, Universidade de Minho pp. 197-201.
Madrida, H., Ruiz-Cendoya, M., Cano, J., Stchigel, A., Orofino, R. and Guarro, J. (2009). Genotyping and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Neocytalidium dimidiatum isolates from different origin. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34: 351-354.
Maghazy, S. (2002). Incidence of dermatophytes and cycloheximide resistance fungi on healthy children hairs and nails in nurseries. Mycopathologia 154(4) 171-175.
Majchrawicz ,I .and Dominik,T.(1969). Further contribution to the knowledge of keratinolytic and keratinophilic soil fungi of the region of
Szczecin: Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in the immediate surroundings cattle. Ekolpol.17:87-116.
Marchantani, R., Marselle, R. Labiasei, L. and Fulvi, F. (1983). Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from floor dust in Romanian primary school. Mycopathologia 82: 115-120.
Morihara, K., Oka, T., Tsuzaki, H. (1967). Multiple proteolytic enzymes of Streptomyces fradiee: production, isolation and preliminary characterization. Biochim. Biophgs. Acta 139: 382-397.
Neglia,J.P.,Hurd,D.D.,Ferrieri,P and Snover,D.C. (1987).Invasive Scopulariopsis in the immunocompromised host. Am. J.Med.83:1163-1166.
Oorschot, Van, C.A.N. (1980). A revision of Chrysosporium and allied genera. Stud. Mycol. 20: 1-89.
Patel, R., Gustraferro, C.A., Krom, R.A., Wiesner, R.H., Roberts, G.D and Paya, C.V. (1993). Phaeohyphomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brumptii in a liver transplant recipient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 198-200.
Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. (1997). Fungal and Food Spoilage 2thed. London, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional. pp.511
Ragge, N.K., Hart, J.C., Easty, D.I and Tyers, A.G. (1990). A case of fungal keratitis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: treatment with antifungal agents and penetrating keratoplasty. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 74: 561-562.
Rajak, R.C., Malviya, H.D., Deshpande, H. and Hasija, S.K. (1992). Keratinolysis by Absidia cylindrospora and Rhizomucor puxillus: biochemical proof. Mycopathologia. 118:109-114.
Raper, K.B. and Fennell, D.I. (1965). The genus Aspergillus. Baltimore, U.S.A. Williaws and Wilkins
Samson, R.A., Hoekstra, E.S., Frisvad, J.C., and Filtenborg, O. (2000). Introduction to food and Air born fungi 6thed.Baarn, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures
Samson, R.A., Noonim, P., and Varga, J. (2007).Diagnosis tools to identify black Aspergilli. Stud.Mycol.59:129-145
Sandoval-Denis, M., Sutton, D.A., Fothergill, A.W., Cano-Lira, J., Gene, J., Decock, C.A., de Hoog, G.S. and Guarro, J. (2013). Scopulariopsis, a poorly known opportunistic fungus: Spectrum of species in clinical samples and In vitro responses to Antifungal drugs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51(12) 3937-3943.
Sandoval-Denis, M., Gene, J., Sutton, D.A., Cano-lira, J.F., de Hoog, G.S., Decock, C.A., Wiederhod, N.P. and Guarro, J. (2016). Redefining Microascus , Scopulariopsis and allied genera. Perroonia 36:1-36.
Scott, J.A. and Untereiner, W.A. (2004). Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure. Medical Mycology 42: 239-246.
Stebbins, W.G. (2004). Cutaneous adiaspiromycosis: A distinct dermatologic entity associated with Chrysosporium species. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 51(6): 1040.
Stillwell,W.T., Rubin, B.D. and Axerord, J.L. (1984). Chrysosporium, a new causative agent in Osteomyctitis, A case report. Clinic. Orthop. Relat Res. 184: 190-192.
Sugiura, Y. and Hironaga, M. (2010). Arthrographis kalrae, a rare causal agent of onychomycosis, and it is occurrence in natural and commercially available soils. Med. Mycol. 48: 384-389
Tosti, A., Piraccini, B.M., Stinchi, C. and Lorenzi, S. (1996). Onychomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, clinical features and response to systemic antifungal. Br. J. Dermatol. 135: 799-802
Vanbreuseghem,R.(1952).Technique biologique pour I isolement des dermatophytes du sol. Ann.Soc.Belg.Med.Trop.32:173-179.
Vos, C.G., Murk, J.L, A.N., Hartemink, K.J., Daniels, J.M.A., Paul, M.A. and Debets-Ossenkopp, Y.J. (2012). A rare pulmonary infection caused by Arthrographis kalrae. Journal of Medical Microbiology 61: 593-595.
Xi, L., Fukushima, K., Lu, C., Takizawa, K., Liao, R and Nishimura, K. (2004). First case of Arthrographis kalrae ethmoid sinusitis and ophthalmitis in the people`s Repub lic of China. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4828-4831.
Zaghoul, T.L., Al-Bahra, M. and Al-Azmel, H. (1998). Isolation, identification and keratinolytic activity of several feather- degrading bacterial isolates. APPI. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70: 207-213.
Downloads
Published
2017-03-30
How to Cite
Hussein, H. A., & Abdullah, S. K. (2017). Keratinolytic and Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungi from Carpet Dust in Mosques and Residentialhouses in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(1), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.293
Issue
Section
Science Journal of University of Zakho
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Hend A. Hussein, Samir K. Abdullah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.
