Resistance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa From Clinical and Environmental Sources to Heavy Metals in Hilla City, Iraq
Keywords:
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Resistance, Heavy Metals, EnvironmentalAbstract
The study included 300 samples collected from 150 clinical and 150 hospital environmental sources. Only 43 (14.3%) isolates belonged to Ps. aeruginosa. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 7 types of heavy metals (HM) namely Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate. The screening test for ability of the isolates to resist HM was detected using lead nitrate in concentration of 400μg/ml. Results revealed that 37/43 were resistant to lead nitrate (400μg/ml). The MIC of 7 HM was detected by agar dilution and pouring method. Results revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to 7 HM in some of concentrations. The plasmid content was investigated for all 37 isolates of Ps. aeruginosa (34 clinical and 3 environmental). Results revealed that most isolates 32/37 harbored large (mega) plasmid. Biofilm production of Ps. aeruginosa isolates was investigated; results showed that 20/43 (47%) of isolates had biofilm. This study concluded that the increase of HM resistance was correlated with biofilm production for some HM used. The bacterial curing is proceeding for one isolate of Ps. aeruginosa (Ps.3). The results showed survived resistance to all HM used, which may be due to HM resistance trait was carried out on bacterial chromosome rather than plasmid.
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Anonymous. (2002). Copper IUDs, infection and infertility. Drug Ther. Bull., 40: 67-69.
Christensen, G.D., Simpson, W.A., Younger, J.A., Baddour, L.M., Barrett, F.F., Melton, D.M. (1985). Adherence of coagulase negative Staphyloccoci to plastic tissue cultures: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J. Clin. Microbiol., 22:996-1006.
De Gracia, C. G. (2001). An open study comparing topical silver sulfadiazine and topical silver sulfadiazine- cerium nitrate in treatment of moderate and severe burns. Burns, 27:67-74.
Dong, Y.H., Wang, L.H., Xu, J.L., Zhang, H.B., Zhang, X.F., and Zhang, L.H. (2001). Quenching quorum-sensing-dependent bacterial infection by an n-acyl homoserine lactonase. Nature, 411:813–817.
Fluit, A. C., Verhoef, J. and Schmitz, F. J. (2000). The European sentray participants. Antimicrobial resistance in European isolates of Ps. aeruginosa. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19: 370-374
Forbes, A. B. (1998). Enterobacteriacaea. Baily and Scotts diagnostic Microbiology. Baltimor, Mosby, pp: 509-526.
Fox, C.L. J.R., Monafo, W.W. J.R., Ayvazian, V.T.T., Skinner, A.M., Modaks, Stanford, J. (1977). Topical Chemotherapy for burn using cerium salts and silver sulfadiazine. Surg. Gynecol. Obstect., 144: 668- 672.
Gerald, E. (2007). Antisepsis, Disinfection and sterilization, types action and resistance. Treatment of skin and wound infections, 1st ed, Blackwell publishing, 156.
Harrison, J. J., Turner, R. J., and Joo, D. A. (2008). Copper and quaternary ammonium cations exert synergistic bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 52: 2870-2881.
Karbasizaed, V., Badami, N., and Emtiazi, G. (2003). Antimicrobial, heavy metal resistance and plasmid profile of coliforms isolated from nosocomial infections in a hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2(10): 379-383.
Kenneth, A.A., and Jeffery, TSH. (2006). Manual of dermatologic therapeutics: with essential of diagnosis. 7th ed, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins pp.314.
Kheder, A. K. 2002. Studies on antibiotic resistance by plasmid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ph.D thesis. College of Education. University of Salahaddin, Iraq.
Nies, D. H., (2003). Efflux mediated heavy metal resistance in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 27 (2-3): 313-339.
Nikbin, V. S., Abd-Ali A., Feizabadi M. M., and Gharavi S. (2007). Indian J. Med. Res., 126: 146-151.
Nucifora, G., Chu L., Misra T. K., and Silver S. (1989). Cadmium resistance from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 cadA gene results from a cadmium-efflux ATPase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:3544-3548.
O'Brien, P.A., Kulier, R., Helmerhorst, F.M., Usher-Patel, M., d'Arcangues, C. (2008). Copper-containing, framed intrauterine devices for contraception: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception, 77: 318-327.
Outten, F. W., Outten, C. E., and O'Halloran, T. V. (2000). Metalloregulatory systems at the interface between bacterial metal homeostasis and resistance, pp: 145-157. In G. Stoz and R. Hengge-Aronis (ed.), Bacterial stress responses. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
Prasad, V. S., Mamatha, B., and Shivananda, P. G. (2009). Action of heavy metals on Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from infection wound. J. Chin. Clin. Med., 4 (3):132-135.
Raja, C. E., Selvam, G. S. (2009). Plasmid profile and curing analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as metal resistant. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 6 (2): 259-266.
Riley, T.V. and Mee, B. J. (1982). Susceptibility of Bacteroids species to heavy metals Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 22:889-892.
Sambrook, J. and Rusell, D. W. (2001). Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Third ed. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, N.Y.8 (15):31-45.
Singh, V., Chauhan, P.K., Kanta, R., Dhewa, T., and Kumar, V. (2010). Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas resistant to heavy metals contaminations, Int. J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 3(2): 164-167.
Teitzel, G. M. and Parsek, M. R. (2003). Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 2313-2320.
Vaca Pacheco, S., Raul, M. and Carlos, C. (1995). Inorganic-ion resistance by bacteria isolated from a Mexico City freeway. Antonie van leeuwenhoek, 67:333-337.
Xiao-xi, Z., Jian-xin, T., Xue-duan, L., and Pei, J. (2009). Isolation, identification and characterization of cadmium-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain E1. J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., 16: 0416-0421.
Ziebuhr, W., Heilmann, C., Gotz, F., Meyer, P., Wilms, K., Straube, E. and Hacker, J. (1997). Detection of the intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ica) and phase variation in Staphylococcus epidermidis blood culture strains and mucosal isolates. Infect. Immun., 65: 890–896.
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Published
2014-06-30
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Al-Charrakh, A. H., & Al-Enzi, R. M. (2014). Resistance of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa From Clinical and Environmental Sources to Heavy Metals in Hilla City, Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2(1), 107–115. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/124
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