Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Diarrhea in Infants And Children in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region / Iraq
Keywords:
Microbial Diarrhea, Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses, Infants and ChildrenAbstract
This study was performed to assess the incidence of microorganisms causing diarrhea in infants and children of both sexes and different ages from 12 days to 14 years in Duhok province, during the period from October 2012 to June 2013, in which 522 diarrheal samples (278 males and 244 females) were collected from infants and children attended pediatrics Heevi teaching hospital in Duhok city coming from different regions of Duhok province. Out of 522 samples 426 (81.61%) were positive for bacteria, followed by 146(27.97%) parasites, 69(13.21%) viruses and 5 (0.96%) fungi. The most prevalent enteric pathogens were Escherichia coli 305(58.43%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica 134(25.67%), Klebseilla spp. 105(20.1%), and Rotavirus 57(10.91%). Mixed infections were documented in 129 (24.71%) cases, with the maximum being with bacteria and parasite in 62(11.87%). The most frequent microorganisms encountered in mixed infections were E. coli and E. histolytica at rates of 64.34 and 62.01%, respectively. Infants less than 2 years showed the highest rate (72.22%), while children aged 12-14 years were least infected (0.96%). Moreover, the rate of infection in males was greater than females, but statistically this difference was nonsignificant.
References
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Ansari, S.;Sherchand, J. B.; Parajuli, K.; Mishra, S. K.; Dahal, R. K.; Shrestha, S.; Tandukar, S. and Pokhrel, B. M.(2012).Bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. J. Nepal. Health Res. Counc., 10(22):218-23.
Arif,A. and Naheed,R.(2012) . Socio-Economic Determinants of Diarrhea Morbidity in Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2 (1):491- 518.
Bonkoungou, I.J.O.; Haukka, K.; Österblad, M.; Hakane. A.J.; Traoré, A.S.; Barro, N. and Siitonen, A.(2013).Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrheain Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC pediatrics, 13:(36)1-6.
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Bueris, V.; Sircili, M.P.;Taddei, C.R.; Santos, M.F.D.; Franzolin, M.R.; Martinez, M.B.; Ferrer,S.R.;Barreto, M.L. and Trabulsi, L.R.(2007). Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from children with and without diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio deJaneiro., 102(7): 839-844.
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Esmaeel, J.R.; Abdul-Ratha, H.A. and Abeed, A.H.(2009). A Study for More Important Aerobic Diarrheal Bacteria in Children of AI-Qadisiya Governorate and its Susceptibility to Some Antibiotics. The Iraqi
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Faust,E.C.;Antoni,J.S.D.;Odom,V.;Miller,M.J.;Peres,C.;Sawitz,W.;Thomen,L.F Tobie,J.E. and Walker, J. H. (1938). A critical study of clinical laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminthes eggs in feces.Am.J.Trop.Med.,18:169-183. .
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Hadi, Z.S. (2011). A Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Shatrah district / Thi-Qar governorate Journal of College of Education, 1(5):28-39.
Hasan, S.F. (2010).Intestinal Parasites in Children under Five Years with Diarrhea in Kerbala, Iraq.Journal of Kerbala University, 8(1):415-420.
Huruy, k.; Kassu, A.; Mulu, A.; Worku, N.; Fetene,T.; bretsadik,S.; Biadglegne,F.;Belyhun,Y.; Muche,A.; Gelaw,A.; Anagaw,B.;Yifru,S.;Wondie,Y.; Bekele, A.; Tiruneh,M.;Reissig, D. and Moges, F. (2011). Intestinal Parasitosis and Shigellosis among Diarrheal Patients in Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. 4(472):3-8.
Hussan, B.M. (2012).Determination of the prevalence of viral aetiology of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in Baghdad province. QMJ. , 8(14):163-176.
Ibrahim, B.M. (2012).Isolation of some microbial agents that cause acute gastroenteritis in children. J Fac Med Baghdad, 54(3):218-222.
Ishiyama, S.; Ono, K.; Rai, S. K. et al.(2001). Study of enteropathogen and its predisposing factors in suburban public school children in kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med. Coll. J., 3: 5-9.
Johargy, A.; Ghazi, H. and Mumenah, A. (2010). Frequency of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among young children with acute diarrhoea in Saudi Arabia. J Pak Med Assoc, 60(6):456-459.
Khan, M.H.; Shah, S.H.; Sarwar, G.; Anwar, S.; Bashir, G.; Gul, N. and Begum,J.(2004). Factors affecting the frequency of Infantile Diarrhea. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1):6-8.
Kilic, I.H.;Ozaslan, M.;Karsligil,T.;Karagoz, I.D. and Zer, Y. (2007). Investigation of diarrhea agents less than 5 years of age in summer in Gaziantep/Turkey.Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,10(17):2915-2919.
Kolahi, A.A.; Nabavi, M. and Sohrabi, M.R.(2008). Epidemiology of acute Diarrheal diseases among children under 5 years of Age in Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 3(4):193-198.
Mahmoud, A.J. (2010).Role of Candida albicans Fungi in foundation some protozoa and bacteria. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 15(1):14-19.
Motamedifar, M.; Amini, E. and Shirazi, P.T. (2013).Frequency of Rotavirus and Adenovirus gastroenteritis among children in Shiraz, Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(8): 729-33.
National Guideline Clearinghouse(2001). Diagnosing foodborne illnesses.Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physiciansMMRR Recomm.Rep., 50(2):1-69.
Nguyen,T.V.; Van, P.L.; Huy, C.L. and Weintraub, A.(2004). Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus in Children Less than 5 Years of Age in Hanoi. Vietnam. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,42(12): 5745–5750.
Ono. K.; Rai, S.K.; Chikahira, M.; Fujimoto, T.; Shibata, H.; Wada.Y.; Tsuji, H.; Oda,Y.; Rai,G.; Shrestha,C.D.; Masuda, K,.;Shrestha, H.G.; Matsumura,T.; Hotta, H.; Kawamura,T. and Uga, S.(2001).Seasonal distribution of enterpathogens detection from diarrhea stool and water samples collected in Kathmando, Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Heath,32 (3):520-526.
Rabatti A.A. and Rasheed,N.A.(2008).Etiology of bloody diarrhea among children admitted to maternity and children’s hospital-Erbil. Al- Kindy Col Med J.,4 (2): 19-24.
Raddam, K. and Hasson, A.J. (2008). The epidemiological aspects of infection with Entamoeba histologica in acute diarrhea in Thi-Qar Governorate during the Year 2006. Kufa Med. Journal, 11(1):15-24.
Rai, S. K. and Gurung, C. K. (1986). Intestinal parasitic infection in high school children of Birgunj city. J. Inst. Med.(Nepal), 8: 33-38.
Rai, S. K.; Bajracharya, K.; Budhathok, S. et al.(1995). Status of intestinal parasitosis at TU Teaching Hospital. J. Inst. Med.( Nepal). 17: 134-142.
Rai, S. K.; Rai, G.; Hirai, K.; Abe, A. and Ohno, Y.(2001). The health system in Nepal- an introduction.Env. Health Prev. Med. J.6: 1-8.
Rai, S. K.; Hirai, K.; Abe, A., et al.(2002). Intestinal parasitosis among school children in rural hilly area of Dhading district, Nepal, Nepal Med. J. 6: 1-8.
Revelas, A. (2012). Acute gastroenteritis among children in the developing world. South Afr. J. Epidemiol Infect., 27(4):156-162.
Sokel, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (2009) Introduction to biostatistics, 2nd ed. Dover Publication
Sule, E.I.; 1Aliyu, A.M. and Abdulaziz, B.M. (2011). Isolation of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in children attending some selected hospitals with in Kadona metropolis, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Continental J. Applied Sciences, 6 (1): 1 – 6.
Tambekar, D.H.; Shirsat, S.D. and Washing, H(2009). A Cornerstone to Prevent the Transmission of Diarrhoeal Infection. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(3): 100-103.
Turhanglu, M.;,Gulsun, S.;Onur, A. and Bilman,F.(2012).The frequency of Escherichia coli (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC and serotypes) shigella, rotavirus and parasite agents among children with acute gastroenteritis in SoutheastAnatolia, Turkey.African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(23): 5020-5024.
Vandepitte, J.; Verhaegen, J.; Engbaek, K.; Rohner, P.; Piot, P. and Heuck, C.C. (2003). Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology.2nd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp: 37.
Yilgwan,C. S. and Okolo, S. N. (2012). Prevalence of diarrhea disease and risk factors in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med.,11(4):217-221.
Youssef, M.; Shurman, A.; Bougnoux, M.; Rawashdeh, M.;Bretagne,S. and Strockbine,N.(2000). Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern
Jordan. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 28: 257-263.
Zaman, N.A.;Al-Tae, A.A. and Saadoon, I.H.(2012).Rotavirus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC ) and Parasitic Etiology of Pediatric Diarrhea in Kirkuk city. Second Scientific Conference – Science College –Tikrit University
Ali,C.I.; Mahmood, A.R.; Jafar, N. A.; Khorsheed, S.(2009).Prevalence of enteropathogenic diarrhea in Children up to 2 years in Kirkuk Province. Tikrit Medical Journal,15(2):124-131.
Al-Khateeb, A. I.(2008). Diarrhea Causative for Resident Children in General Zahraa Hospital under age group (1 month to 6 years). Journal of Wassit for Science and Medicine, 1 (2):35-44.
Alrifai, S.B.;Alsaadi,A.; Mahmood,Y.A.;Ali, A.A. and Al-Kaisi L. A. (2009).Prevalence and etiology of nosocomial diarrhoea in children < 5 years in Tikrit teaching hospital. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 15(5):1111-1118.
Al-Sekait, M.A. (1998). Factors affecting the incidence of diarrheal disease in children under five years in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J., 9: 491-497.
Ansari, S.;Sherchand, J. B.; Parajuli, K.; Mishra, S. K.; Dahal, R. K.; Shrestha, S.; Tandukar, S. and Pokhrel, B. M.(2012).Bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. J. Nepal. Health Res. Counc., 10(22):218-23.
Arif,A. and Naheed,R.(2012) . Socio-Economic Determinants of Diarrhea Morbidity in Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2 (1):491- 518.
Bonkoungou, I.J.O.; Haukka, K.; Österblad, M.; Hakane. A.J.; Traoré, A.S.; Barro, N. and Siitonen, A.(2013).Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrheain Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC pediatrics, 13:(36)1-6.
Brimble, C. F. and Barltrop, D.(1984). Gastrointestinal disorders. Children in health and disease. 2nd ed.Baillier Tindall, UK, 217-224.
Bueris, V.; Sircili, M.P.;Taddei, C.R.; Santos, M.F.D.; Franzolin, M.R.; Martinez, M.B.; Ferrer,S.R.;Barreto, M.L. and Trabulsi, L.R.(2007). Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from children with and without diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio deJaneiro., 102(7): 839-844.
Cajetan, I.C.I.; Nnennaya, I.R.; Casmir, A.A. and Florence,I.N. (2010). Enteric Bacteria Pathogens Associated With Diarrhea of Children in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 3(1):62-69.
El-Sheikh, S.M. and El-Assouli, S.M. (2001).Prevalence of Viral, bacterial and Parasitic Enteropathogens among Young Children with Acute Diarrhoea in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Health Popul Nutr., 19(1):25-30.
Esmaeel, J.R.; Abdul-Ratha, H.A. and Abeed, A.H.(2009). A Study for More Important Aerobic Diarrheal Bacteria in Children of AI-Qadisiya Governorate and its Susceptibility to Some Antibiotics. The Iraqi
Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 33(1):1-9.
Faust,E.C.;Antoni,J.S.D.;Odom,V.;Miller,M.J.;Peres,C.;Sawitz,W.;Thomen,L.F Tobie,J.E. and Walker, J. H. (1938). A critical study of clinical laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminthes eggs in feces.Am.J.Trop.Med.,18:169-183. .
Gendrel, D.; Treluyer, J.M. and Richard-Lenoble, D.(2003). Parasitic diarrhea in normal and malnourished children. Fund.Clin. Pharm., 17: 189-197.
Hadi, Z.S. (2011). A Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Shatrah district / Thi-Qar governorate Journal of College of Education, 1(5):28-39.
Hasan, S.F. (2010).Intestinal Parasites in Children under Five Years with Diarrhea in Kerbala, Iraq.Journal of Kerbala University, 8(1):415-420.
Huruy, k.; Kassu, A.; Mulu, A.; Worku, N.; Fetene,T.; bretsadik,S.; Biadglegne,F.;Belyhun,Y.; Muche,A.; Gelaw,A.; Anagaw,B.;Yifru,S.;Wondie,Y.; Bekele, A.; Tiruneh,M.;Reissig, D. and Moges, F. (2011). Intestinal Parasitosis and Shigellosis among Diarrheal Patients in Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes. 4(472):3-8.
Hussan, B.M. (2012).Determination of the prevalence of viral aetiology of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in Baghdad province. QMJ. , 8(14):163-176.
Ibrahim, B.M. (2012).Isolation of some microbial agents that cause acute gastroenteritis in children. J Fac Med Baghdad, 54(3):218-222.
Ishiyama, S.; Ono, K.; Rai, S. K. et al.(2001). Study of enteropathogen and its predisposing factors in suburban public school children in kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med. Coll. J., 3: 5-9.
Johargy, A.; Ghazi, H. and Mumenah, A. (2010). Frequency of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among young children with acute diarrhoea in Saudi Arabia. J Pak Med Assoc, 60(6):456-459.
Khan, M.H.; Shah, S.H.; Sarwar, G.; Anwar, S.; Bashir, G.; Gul, N. and Begum,J.(2004). Factors affecting the frequency of Infantile Diarrhea. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1):6-8.
Kilic, I.H.;Ozaslan, M.;Karsligil,T.;Karagoz, I.D. and Zer, Y. (2007). Investigation of diarrhea agents less than 5 years of age in summer in Gaziantep/Turkey.Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,10(17):2915-2919.
Kolahi, A.A.; Nabavi, M. and Sohrabi, M.R.(2008). Epidemiology of acute Diarrheal diseases among children under 5 years of Age in Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 3(4):193-198.
Mahmoud, A.J. (2010).Role of Candida albicans Fungi in foundation some protozoa and bacteria. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 15(1):14-19.
Motamedifar, M.; Amini, E. and Shirazi, P.T. (2013).Frequency of Rotavirus and Adenovirus gastroenteritis among children in Shiraz, Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(8): 729-33.
National Guideline Clearinghouse(2001). Diagnosing foodborne illnesses.Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physiciansMMRR Recomm.Rep., 50(2):1-69.
Nguyen,T.V.; Van, P.L.; Huy, C.L. and Weintraub, A.(2004). Diarrhea Caused by Rotavirus in Children Less than 5 Years of Age in Hanoi. Vietnam. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,42(12): 5745–5750.
Ono. K.; Rai, S.K.; Chikahira, M.; Fujimoto, T.; Shibata, H.; Wada.Y.; Tsuji, H.; Oda,Y.; Rai,G.; Shrestha,C.D.; Masuda, K,.;Shrestha, H.G.; Matsumura,T.; Hotta, H.; Kawamura,T. and Uga, S.(2001).Seasonal distribution of enterpathogens detection from diarrhea stool and water samples collected in Kathmando, Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Heath,32 (3):520-526.
Rabatti A.A. and Rasheed,N.A.(2008).Etiology of bloody diarrhea among children admitted to maternity and children’s hospital-Erbil. Al- Kindy Col Med J.,4 (2): 19-24.
Raddam, K. and Hasson, A.J. (2008). The epidemiological aspects of infection with Entamoeba histologica in acute diarrhea in Thi-Qar Governorate during the Year 2006. Kufa Med. Journal, 11(1):15-24.
Rai, S. K. and Gurung, C. K. (1986). Intestinal parasitic infection in high school children of Birgunj city. J. Inst. Med.(Nepal), 8: 33-38.
Rai, S. K.; Bajracharya, K.; Budhathok, S. et al.(1995). Status of intestinal parasitosis at TU Teaching Hospital. J. Inst. Med.( Nepal). 17: 134-142.
Rai, S. K.; Rai, G.; Hirai, K.; Abe, A. and Ohno, Y.(2001). The health system in Nepal- an introduction.Env. Health Prev. Med. J.6: 1-8.
Rai, S. K.; Hirai, K.; Abe, A., et al.(2002). Intestinal parasitosis among school children in rural hilly area of Dhading district, Nepal, Nepal Med. J. 6: 1-8.
Revelas, A. (2012). Acute gastroenteritis among children in the developing world. South Afr. J. Epidemiol Infect., 27(4):156-162.
Sokel, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (2009) Introduction to biostatistics, 2nd ed. Dover Publication
Sule, E.I.; 1Aliyu, A.M. and Abdulaziz, B.M. (2011). Isolation of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in children attending some selected hospitals with in Kadona metropolis, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Continental J. Applied Sciences, 6 (1): 1 – 6.
Tambekar, D.H.; Shirsat, S.D. and Washing, H(2009). A Cornerstone to Prevent the Transmission of Diarrhoeal Infection. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(3): 100-103.
Turhanglu, M.;,Gulsun, S.;Onur, A. and Bilman,F.(2012).The frequency of Escherichia coli (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC and serotypes) shigella, rotavirus and parasite agents among children with acute gastroenteritis in SoutheastAnatolia, Turkey.African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(23): 5020-5024.
Vandepitte, J.; Verhaegen, J.; Engbaek, K.; Rohner, P.; Piot, P. and Heuck, C.C. (2003). Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology.2nd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp: 37.
Yilgwan,C. S. and Okolo, S. N. (2012). Prevalence of diarrhea disease and risk factors in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med.,11(4):217-221.
Youssef, M.; Shurman, A.; Bougnoux, M.; Rawashdeh, M.;Bretagne,S. and Strockbine,N.(2000). Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern
Jordan. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 28: 257-263.
Zaman, N.A.;Al-Tae, A.A. and Saadoon, I.H.(2012).Rotavirus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC ) and Parasitic Etiology of Pediatric Diarrhea in Kirkuk city. Second Scientific Conference – Science College –Tikrit University
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2014-12-30
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Badry, A. H. H., Jameel, A. Y., & Mero, W. M. S. (2014). Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Diarrhea in Infants And Children in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region / Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2(2), 266–275. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/222
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