The Prevalence of S. Aureus Nasal Colonisation and its Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern amongst Primary School Pupils
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.291Keywords:
Staphylococcus aureus, CA-MRSA, Nasal carriage, IraqAbstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most adaptable human pathogens. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of community-associated staphylococcal infections. This project aimed to study the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility tests among primary school children at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Nasal swabs were taken from a total of 300 primary school pupils aged 8-12 years. Collected nasal swabs were processed according to the standard bacteriological culture and isolates were identified using mannitol fermentation, Gram stain, catalase test and coagulase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) to determine the susceptibility of S. aureus and CA-MRSA towards antibiotics. 30% (90/300) of the primary school children carried S. aureus. The nasal carriage of MRSA was 4% (12/300) among participants. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, doxycycline, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. This study showed that the incidence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA is comparable with reports from elsewhere. Measures are needed to keep the emergence and transmission of these pathogens to a lowest. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all S. aureus isolates is crucial for treatment of MRSA. Further studies are required to detect the risk factors of the acquisition of MRSA.
References
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Sedighi, I.; Moez, H.J. and Alikhani, M.Y. (2011). Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in children attending day-care centers. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung., 58: 227-234.
Ugwu, M.C.; Anie, C.O.; Ibezim, E.C. and Esimone, C.O. (2016). Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage amongst Healthy Students in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 7: 1-4.
VandenBergh, M.F.; Yzerman, E.P.; van Belkum, A.; Boelens, H.A.; Sijmons, M. and Verbrugh, H.A. (1999). Follow-up of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage after 8 years: redefining the persistent carrier state. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37: 3133-3140.
Wertheim, H.F.; Melles, D.C.; Vos, M.C.; van Leeuwen, W.; van Belkum, A.; Verbrugh, H.A. and Nouwen, J.L. (2005). The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis., 5: 751-762.
Yildirim, M.; Sahin, I.; Basak, S.; Oksuz, S.; Ozaydin, C.; Acar, S.,Karabay, O. (2007). The Investigation of Nasal MRSA Carriage and Colonization of Nasopharyngeal Pathogens at a Primary School in Düzce. Turk. J. Med. Sci., 37: 359-365
Alaklobi, F.; Aljobair, F.; Alrashod, A.; Alhababi, R.; Alshamrani, M.; Alamin, W.,Mertz, D. (2015). The prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among outpatient children in a tertiary hospital: A prospective observational study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2: 136-140.
Alzoubi, H.M.; Aqel, A.A.; Al-Sarayreh, S.A. and Al-Zayadneh, E. (2014). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among primary school-aged children from Jordan: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics. J. Egypt Public Health Assoc., 89: 114-118.
Assafi, M.S.; Ibrahim, N.M.R.; Hussein, N.R.; Taha, A.A. and Balatay, A.A. (2015). Urinary Bacterial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern among Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol., 30: 54-63.
Braga, E.D.; Aguiar-Alves, F.; de Freitas Mde, F.; de e Silva, M.O.; Correa, T.V.; Snyder, R.E.,Araujo Cardoso, C.A. (2014). High prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization among healthy children attending public daycare centers in informal settlements in a large urban center in Brazil. BMC Infect. Dis., 14: 538.
Carleton, H.A.; Diep, B.A.; Charlebois, E.D.; Sensabaugh, G.F. and Perdreau-Remington, F. (2004). Community-adapted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MRSA. J. Infect. Dis., 190: 1730-1738.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2006). Methods for Broth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals, Approved Guideline. Document M49-A CLSI, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA.
Cohen, P.R. (2007). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a review of epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention. Int. J. Dermatol., 46: 1-11.
David, M.Z. and Daum, R.S. (2010). Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 23: 616-687.
Gerard, J.T.; Berdell, R.F. and Christine, L.C. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction with MasteringMicrobiology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Habeeb, A.; Hussein, N.R.; Assafi, M.S. and Al-Dabbagh, S.A. (2014). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 4: 59-63.
Holton, D.L.; Nicolle, L.E.; Diley, D. and Bernstein, K. (1991). Efficacy of mupirocin nasal ointment in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in chronic haemodialysis patients. J. Hosp. Infect., 17: 133-137.
Humphreys, H.; Fitzpatick, F. and Harvey, B.J. (2015). Gender differences in rates of carriage and bloodstream infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: are they real, do they matter and why? Clin. Infect. Dis., 61: 1708-1714.
Kejela, T. and Bacha, K. (2013). Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among primary school children and prisoners in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 12: 11.
Kluytmans, J.; van Belkum, A. and Verbrugh, H. (1997). Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 10: 505-520.
Kuehnert, M.J.; Kruszon-Moran, D.; Hill, H.A.; McQuillan, G.; McAllister, S.K.; Fosheim, G.,Tenover, F.C. (2006). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J. Infect. Dis., 193: 172-179.
Nikfar, R.; Shamsizadeh, A.; Ziaei Kajbaf, T.; Kamali Panah, M.; Khaghani, S. and Moghddam, M. (2015). Frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in healthy children. Iran. J. Microbiol., 7: 67-71.
Polse, R.F.; Yousif, S.Y. and Assafi, M.S. (2016). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic E. coli among people in Zakho, Iraq. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci., 4: 1219-1223.
Rijal, K.R.; Pahari, N.; Shrestha, B.K.; Nepal, A.K.; Paudel, B.; Mahato, P. and Skalko-Basnet, N. (2008). Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in school children of Pokhara. Nepal Med. Coll. J., 10: 192-195.
Sedighi, I.; Moez, H.J. and Alikhani, M.Y. (2011). Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in children attending day-care centers. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung., 58: 227-234.
Ugwu, M.C.; Anie, C.O.; Ibezim, E.C. and Esimone, C.O. (2016). Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage amongst Healthy Students in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 7: 1-4.
VandenBergh, M.F.; Yzerman, E.P.; van Belkum, A.; Boelens, H.A.; Sijmons, M. and Verbrugh, H.A. (1999). Follow-up of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage after 8 years: redefining the persistent carrier state. J. Clin. Microbiol., 37: 3133-3140.
Wertheim, H.F.; Melles, D.C.; Vos, M.C.; van Leeuwen, W.; van Belkum, A.; Verbrugh, H.A. and Nouwen, J.L. (2005). The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis., 5: 751-762.
Yildirim, M.; Sahin, I.; Basak, S.; Oksuz, S.; Ozaydin, C.; Acar, S.,Karabay, O. (2007). The Investigation of Nasal MRSA Carriage and Colonization of Nasopharyngeal Pathogens at a Primary School in Düzce. Turk. J. Med. Sci., 37: 359-365
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2017-03-30
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Assafi, M. S., Polse, R. F., Hussein, N. R., Haji, A. H., & Issa, A. R. (2017). The Prevalence of S. Aureus Nasal Colonisation and its Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern amongst Primary School Pupils. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.291
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Science Journal of University of Zakho
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Copyright (c) 2017 Mahde S. Assafi, Reem F. Polse, Nawfal R. Hussein, Ahmed H. Haji, Araz R. Issa
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