Stabilization of Sludge in Zakho Municipal Wastewater by Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2022.10.3.924Keywords:
Sludge Stabilization, Biogas, Solids, Nutrients, Sludge density index SDI, Sludge volume index SVIAbstract
Raw wastewater sludge samples were collected from two sanitary point sources in Zakho city wastewater pipes. Anaerobic digestion is utilized sludge stabilization as it was effective in reducing the volume of sludge and cheap source of clean biogas. the sludge of municipal wastewater of Zakho district is worth to be used for the generation of biogas and just 15 -17 kg sludge produced 233 to 350 m3 gas in solid retention time of 18 and 24 day respectively. Suspended solid is close related to the amount of COD that removed from sludge and approximately 1 kg COD generate 0.5-0.55 Kg suspended solid in the water. Volatile solid (VS) /total solid (TS) ratio is 0.46 after anaerobic digestion which locate in the range of anaerobic lagoon stabilization. Anaerobic digestion lead to reduction in total solid of wastewater especially organic or volatile suspended solid. Specific gravity of the sludge solid is1.5 which indicate that the sludge is stabilized by anaerobic digestion. Sludge volume index (SVI) indicate that the settleable biosolids are old, good quality and low turbidity. Sludge density index (SDI) increased from 1.83 to 2.9 ml/g after stabilization by anerobic digestion. CO2 and H2S are reduced to zero after stabilization by anaerobic digestion. Nutrients N, P, Ca, Mg, Cl are elevated significantly in final stabilized sludge to be used as organic fertilizer, except sulfate is decreased to acceptable ranges after stabilization.
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Adeniran, A. E., et al. (2016). "An evaluation of biogas production from anaerobic digester of a constructed wetland domestic wastewater treatment plant." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10(10): 329-337.
Andreoli, C. V., et al. (2007). Sludge treatment and disposal, IWA publishing.
Arthur, R. and A. Brew-Hammond (2010). "Potential biogas production from sewage sludge: A case study of the sewage treatment plant at Kwame Nkrumah university of science and technology, Ghana." International Journal of Energy & Environment(6).
Brunner, P. (1978). Methods of Analysis of Sewage Sludge, Solid Wastes and Compost, WHO International Reference Centre for Wastes Disposal.
Carranzo, I. V. (2012). Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater. Anales De Hidrología Médica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Crites, R., et al. (2000). Tratamiento de aguas residuales en pequeñas poblaciones, McGraw-Hill.
Feldman, H., et al. (2018). "Model‐based analysis and optimization of a full‐scale industrial high‐rate anaerobic bioreactor." Biotechnology and bioengineering 115(11): 2726-2739.
Flores-Alsina, X., et al. (2021). "Assessment of sludge management strategies in wastewater treatment systems using a plant-wide approach." Water Research 190: 116714.
Foladori, P., et al. (2010). Sludge reduction technologies in wastewater treatment plants, IWA publishing.
Gawdzik, J., et al. (2016). "Zastosowanie wybranych modeli nieliniowych do prognozy ilości osadu nadmiernego." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 18(cz. 2): 695--708.
George, D. and P. Mallery (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference, Routledge.
Ghosh, P., et al. (2020). "Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via co-digestion with sewage sludge and metabolic pathway analysis." Bioresource technology 296: 122275.
Habibah, N., et al. (2018). "A simple spectrophotometric method for the quantitative analysis of phosphate in the water samples." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 7(2): 198-204.
Hanum, F., et al. (2019). "Treatment of sewage sludge using anaerobic digestion in Malaysia: current state and challenges." Frontiers in Energy Research 7: 19.
Herrera Melian, J. A. (2020). Sustainable wastewater treatment systems (2018–2019), Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. 12: 1940.
Jenkins, S., et al. (1983). "Measuring anaerobic sludge digestion and growth by a simple alkalimetric titration." Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation): 448-453.
Johnson, O. A. and A. C. Affam (2019). "Petroleum sludge treatment and disposal: A review." Environmental Engineering Research 24(2): 191-201.
Kacprzak, M., et al. (2017). "Sewage sludge disposal strategies for sustainable development." Environmental research 156: 39-46.
Kiselev, A., et al. (2019). "Towards circular economy: Evaluation of sewage sludge biogas solutions." Resources 8(2): 91.
Koné, D. (2010). "Making urban excreta and wastewater management contribute to cities' economic development: a paradigm shift." Water Policy 12(4): 602-610.
Lens, P., et al. (2003). "Effect of specific gas loading rate on thermophilic (55 C) acidifying (pH 6) and sulfate reducing granular sludge reactors." Water Research 37(5): 1033-1047.
Mai, D., et al. (2018). "A review of posttreatment technologies for anaerobic effluents for discharge and recycling of wastewater." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 48(2): 167-209.
Makisha, N. and D. Semenova (2018). Production of biogas at wastewater treatment plants and its further application. MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.
Meegoda, J. N., et al. (2018). "A review of the processes, parameters, and optimization of anaerobic digestion." International journal of environmental research and public health 15(10): 2224.
Metcalf, E., et al. (2013). "Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery McGraw-Hill." New York, NY, USA.
Mishra, F. K. P. and N. B. Mahanty (2012). Characterization of sewage and design of sewage treatment plant.
Muntau, M., et al. (2021). "Effects of CO2 enrichment on the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge in continuously operated fermenters." Bioresource Technology 332: 125147.
Ojoawo, S. O. and G. Udayakumar (2015). "Physico-chemical characterization of dry-weather-flow wastewater and assessment of treatment plants in Nitte and Environs, India." Civil and Environmental Research 7(3): 56-65.
Palacios-Ruiz, B., et al. (2008). "Regulation of volatile fatty acids and total alkalinity in anaerobic digesters." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41(2): 13611-13616.
Petinrin, J. and M. Shaaban (2015). "Renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in Malaysia." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50: 967-981.
Prasad, G., et al. (2006). "Sand intermittent filtration technology for safer domestic sewage treatment." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 10(1): 72-78.
Sakaveli, F., et al. (2021). "Enhanced mesophilic anaerobic digestion of primary sewage sludge." Water 13(3): 348.
Sharma, Y. and K. Kaur (2017). "Determination of Nitrates and Sulphates in Water of Barnala (Punjab, India) Region and Their Harmful Effects on Human Lives." International Journal of Advanced Research in Education & Technology 3: 79-82.
Siebielska, I. (2014). "Comparison of changes in selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations during the composting and anaerobic digestion processes of municipal waste and sewage sludge mixtures." Water Science and Technology 70(10): 1617-1624.
Szeląg, B. and J. Gawdzik (2016). "Application of Selected Methods of Artificial Intelligence to Activated Sludge Settleability Predictions." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(4).
Taras, M. J. (1950). "Phenoldisulfonic acid method of determining nitrate in water. Photometric study." Analytical Chemistry 22(8): 1020-1022.
Tchobanoglous, G. (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery-Vol. 2, McGraw-Hill.
Turovskiy, I. S. and P. Mathai (2006). Wastewater sludge processing, John Wiley & Sons.
Vanwonterghem, I., et al. (2014). "Linking microbial community structure, interactions and function in anaerobic digesters using new molecular techniques." Current opinion in biotechnology 27: 55-64.
Vietti, D. (1971). "Laboratory Procedures. Analysis for Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators."
Wang, Y., et al. (2016). "Scum sludge as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production from wastewater treatment plants." Waste management 47: 91-97.
Zhang, Q., et al. (2017). "Sludge treatment: current research trends." Bioresource technology 243: 1159-1172.
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Published
2022-07-01
How to Cite
Tamar, S. A., & Umer, M. I. (2022). Stabilization of Sludge in Zakho Municipal Wastewater by Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 10(3), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2022.10.3.924
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Science Journal of University of Zakho
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