Effects of Altered Dietary Zinc Intake on Some Growth and Hematological Parameters in Rats
Keywords:
Zn, growth hormone, body weight, bioaccumulation, ratAbstract
The current work was carried out to study the effect of zinc deficient and zinc overdose on some blood parameters, growth hormone bioassay and its bioaccumulation in various body organs. Therefore, 36 weaned female Albino rats was induced divided randomly into 3groups: Zinc deficient (ZD) and overdose (ZO) as well as zinc adequate group as control (ZA) (12/group) by feeding them a diet containing 0.7, 7500 and 35mg Zn/kg respectively, for 8 weeks. The results showed highly significant differences in RBC count, Hb content, HCT%, MCV and MCHC ZA group as compared with ZD and ZO, while WBC count in both ZD and ZO were significantly higher as compared with ZA.Growth hormone level in ZA was significantly higher as compared with both ZD and ZO.ZA, ZO and ZD rats exhibited highest, moderate and lowest daily food intake, respectively. The highest weekly body weight gain was observed in ZA rats as compared with ZO and ZD rats. The ZA showed highly significantly higher relative organs weight to body weight in thymus, ovary, uterus, liver and spleen as compared to ZD and ZO groups. On the other hand, ZO showed significantly higher relative brain and kidney to body weights as compared with ZA. However, no significant relative heart and lung to body weight was observed between ZA, ZD and ZO groups. The mode of Zn bioaccumulation varied organs and treatment dose. Thus, ZD rats showed reduced Zn levels in bone, liver, uterus, skin, spleen, brain, heart and lung as compared with ZA rats. On the other hand, ZO group showed significantly higher Zn level in bone, liver, kidney, skin uterus and lung as compared with ZA group. From the results, it can be concluded that, zinc deficient and zinc overdose induced a negative effect on RBC count, HCT%, Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Zinc deficiency and overdose induced a negative effect on serum growth hormone level, food intake, body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, body length and various body organs weight. Zinc overdose induced accumulation in bone, liver, kidney, uterus, skin and lung. The zinc deficiency produced a drop of zinc content in most organs examined such as bone, liver, heart, uterus, spleen, lung, brain and skin.
References
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AL.Habbib, O.A.M.; Omer, Z.K., and Ehmayed, H.M.(1990). The effect of ingested lead on some blood parameter and its bioaccumulation in various organs and tissues in rabbits. Ministry of health , scientific medical research studies, 1:147-155.
Blake, S. (2008). Vitamins and mineral demystified, first edition, published by McGraw-Hill. United States of America.
Bentley, P.J. and Grubb, B.R. (1991). Effects of a zinc-deficient diet on tissue zinc concentrations in rabbit. J. Anim. Sci., 69:4876-4882.
Brandao-Neto, J.; Stefan, S.; Mendonca, B.B.; Bloise, W., and Castro, A.B. (1995). The essential role of zinc in growth. Nutrition Research, 15 (3): 335-358.
Chesters, J.K. (1989). Biochemistry of zinc in cell division and tissue growth. In Mills CF, ed. Zinc in Human Biology. London: Springer Verlag, 109-118.
Chvapil, M.; Peng, Y.M.; Aronson, A.L., and Zukoski, A. (1974). Effect of zinc on lipid peroxidation and metal content in some tissues of rats. J. Nutr., 104: 434-443.
Cox, D. H.; Sandra A. Schlicker, S. A., and Chu, A.C. (1969). Excess dietary zinc for the maternal rat, and zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium content and enzyme activity in maternal and fetal tissues. J. Nutrition, 98: 459-466.
Dufner-Beattie, J.; Huang, Z.L.; Geiser, J.; Xu, W., and Andrews, G.K. (2005). generation and characterization of mice lacking the zinc uptake transporter zip3. Mol. Cell Biol., 25(13): 5607–5615.
El Hendy, H. A.; Yousef, M. I., and Abo El-Naga, N. I.(2001). Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats. Toxicology, 167 :163–170.
Evans, S.A. (2003). Metabolic and behavioral effects of zinc deficiency in rats. The Florida State University College of Human Sciences, Msc. thesis.
Forges, T.;Monnier-Barbarino, P.; Alberto, J.M.; Gue, R.M.;´ant Rodriguez, J.L.Daval, and Gue ´ant, J.L. (2007). Impact of folate and homocysteine metabolism on human reproductive health. Human Reproduction Update, 13(3):225-238.
Fosmire, G.J.; Fosmire, M.A., and Sandstead, H.H.(1975). Zinc deficiency in the weanling rat:effects on liver composition and polysomal profiles. J. Nutr., 106: 1152-1158.
Fraker, P.J.; Depasquale-Jardieu, P.; Zwickl, C.M., and Luecke, R.W. (1978). Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci., 75 (11):5660-5664.
Giugliano, R. and Millward, D.J.(1984). Growth and zinc homeostasis in the severely Zn-deficient rat. Br. J. Nutr., 52:545-560.
Hall, A.G.; Kelleher, S.L.; Lönnerdal, B., and Philipps, A. F.(2005). A graded model of dietary zinc deficiency: effects on growth, insulin-like growth factor-I, and the glucose/insulin axis in weanling rats. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 41(1):72-80.
Hambridge, K.M.; Casey, C.E., and Krebs, N.F.(1987). Zinc. In: Mertz, ed. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 5th ed. Volume 2. Orlando, FL, Academic Press, 1–137.
Hiller, R.; Seigel D.; Sperduto R.D.; Blair N.; Burton, T.C.; Farber M.D.; Gragoudas, E.S.; Gunter, E.W.; Haller, J. and Seddon, J.M. (1995). Serum zinc and serum lipid profiles in 778 adults. Ann Epidemiol 5:490-496.
Hosea, H.J.; Rector, E.S., and Taylor, C.G.(2004). Dietary repletion can replenish reduced T cell subset numbers and lymphoid organ weight in zinc-deficient and energy-restricted rats. Br. J. Nutr., 91(5): 741-747.
Jackson, M.J.(1989). Physiology of zinc: general aspects. in: zinc in human biology (Ed. C.F. Mills), Pp. 1–14. Springer, London.110 The Nutritional Trace Metals.
Jenkins, R.A.(1986). Occurrence of selected metals in cigarette tobaccos and smoke. IARC Sci. Publ., 71:129-141.
Kang, H.K.; Harvey, P.W.; Valentine, J.L., and Swendseid, M.E.(1977). zinc, iron, copper and magnesium concentration in tissue of Rats Fed Various Amounts of Zinc. Clin. Chem., 23(10): 1834-1837.
Kincaid, R.L. and Cronrath, J.D.(1979). Effects of dietary zinc upon tissue zinc and percent unsaturated plasma-zinc binding capacity. J. Dairy Sci., 62:572-576.
King, J.C.;Shames,D.M.; and Woodhouse, L.R. (2000). Zinc Homeostasis in Humans, Journal of Nutrition. 130:1360S-1366S.
Kirchgessner, M. and Roth, H.-P (1985). Influence of zinc depletion and zinc status on serum growth hormone levels in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 7(4): 263-268.
Kraus, A.; Roth, H. and Kirchgessner, M.(1997). Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E or β-carotene influences osmotic fragility and oxidative damage of erythrocytes of zinc-deficient rats. J. Nutr., 127: 1290–1296.
Lönnerdal, B.(2000). Dietary factor influencing zinc absorption. Journal of Nutrition, 130:1378s-1383s.
MacDonald, R.S.(2000). The Role of Zinc in Growth and Cell Proliferation. Journal of Nutrition, 130:1500S-1508S.
Maita, K.; Hirano, M.; Mitsumori, K.; Takahashi, K., and Shirasu,Y. (1981). Subacute toxicity studies with zinc sulfate in mice and rats. J. Pesticide Sci., 6:327-336.
Maret, W. and Krezel, A.(2007). Cellular zinc and redox buffering capacity of metallothionein/thionein in health and disease. Mol. Med., 13: 371–375.
Masayuki, K.(2001). Zinc in Endocrinology. international Pediatrics, 16 (3):1-7.
Miller, W.J.; Blackmon, D.M.; Gentry, R.P., and Pate, F.M.(1970). 65Zinc distribution in various tissues of zinc deficient and normal bull calves with time after single intravenous or oral dosing. J. Anim. Sci., 31:149-156.
Morgan, P.N.;Keen, C.L., and Lã–Nnerdal, B.(1988). Effect of varying dietary zinc intake of weanling mouse pups during recovery from early undernutrition on tissue mineral concentrations, relative organ weights, hematological variables and muscle composition. J. Nutr., 118: 699-711.
Ott, E.A.; Smith, W.H.; Harrington, R.B.; Parker, H.E., and W. M. Beeson, W.M.(1966). Zinc toxicity in ruminants. iv. physiological changes in tissues of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25:432-438.
Prasad, A.S., (1993). Zinc and enzymes.In: Prasad, A.S.,ed. Biochemistry of Zinc. NewYork: Plenum; 17-53.
Prasad, A.S.(1996). Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 15: 113–120.
Prasad, A. S.; Oberleas, D.; Wolf , P., and Horwitz, J. P.(1967). Studies on zinc deficiency: change in the trace element and enzyme activities in tissues of zinc deficient rats. J. Clin. Invest., 46: 549-557.
Pulz, L.M.(2006). The importance of the supplementation of zinc in nursery pig diets. The faculty of the graduate school University of Missouri-Columbia, Msc. thesis.
Reeves, P.G.(1997). Components of the AIN-93 diets as improvements in the AIN-76A diet. J. Nutr., 127(5): 838S-841S.
Root, A. W.; Duckett, G.; Sweetland, M., and Reiter, E. O.(1979). Effects of zinc deficiency upon pituitary function in sexually mature and immature male rats. J. Nutr., 109:958-964.
Rossi, L.; Migliaccio, S.; Corsi, A.; Marzia, M.; Bianco, P.; Teti, A.; Gambelli, L.; Cianfarani, S.; Paoletti, F., and Branca, F.(2001). Reduced growth and skeletal changes in zinc-deficient growing rats are due to impaired growth plate activity and inanition. Journal of Nutrition, 2001;131:1142-1146.
Roth, H.-P. and Kirchgessner, M.(1997). Konzentrationsverlauf an Wachstumshormon, IGF-1, Insulin und C-Peptid in Serum, Hypophyse und Leber von Zn-Mangelratten. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 77:91–101.
Roth, H.P. and Kirchgessner, M.(2000). Concentration of growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin and C-Peptide in rat serum during development of alimentary zinc deficiency. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10, 312:1021-1024.
Roy, B.(1961). Action of zinc on the hypothalamo-pilutary-adrenal axis of the fish, guinea pig and dog on different experimental preparations. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India.,28(1):13-28.
Salgueiro, M.J.; Zubillaga, M.B.; Lysionek, A.E.; Caro, R.A.; Weill, R., and Boccio, J.R.(2002). The role of zinc in the growth and development of children. Nutrition, 18: 510–519.
Sandoval, M.; Henry, P.R.; Luo, X.G.; Littell, R.C.; Miles, R.D., and Ammerman, C.B.(1998). Performance and tissue zinc and metallothionein accumulation in chicks fed a high dietary level of zinc. Poultry Science, 77:1354–1363.
Sandstead, H.H. (2000). Causes of iron and zinc deficiencies and their effects on brain. J. Nutr., 130:347s-349s.
Sandstead, H.H. (1995). Is zinc deficiency a public health problem? Nutrition. 11:87-92.
Settlemire, C. T. and Matrone G.(1967). In vivo effect of zinc on iron turnover in rats and life span of the erythrocyte. J. Nutr., 92(67):159-164.
Shakoori, A.R.; Butt, U.; Riffat, R., and Aziz, F.(1994). Hematological and biochemical effects of Denitol administered for two months on the blood and liver of rabbits. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Zoologie, 80: 165–180.
Sharrett, A.R.; Carter, A.P.; Orheim, R.M., and Manning, F.(1982). Daily intake of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc from drinking water: the seattle study of trace metal exposure. Environ. Res., 28(2):456-475.
Sherman, A.R.; Helyar, L., and Wolinsky, I. (1985). Effect of dietary protein concentration on trace minerals in rat tissues at different ages. J. Nut., 115:607-614.
Stewart, A.K. and Magee, A.A.(1963). Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism of Young Rats, J. Nutrition, 82: ('64)287-295.
Szczurek, E. (2000). Effects of dietary zinc deficiency and repletion on metallothionein and ki-67 in rat small intestine, liver and kidney. Department of foods and nutrition University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Msc.thesis.
Van Campen, D. R.(1967). Zinc interference with copper absorption in rats. J. Nutr., 91(4):473-476.
Wallwork, J. C.; Milne, D. B.; Sims, R. L., and Sandstead, H. H.(1983). Severe zinc deficiency: effects on the distribution of nine elements (potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese) in regions of the rat brain. J. Nutr., 113: 1895-1905.
Walsh, C.T.; Sandstead, H.H.; Prasad, A.S.; Newberne, P.M., and Fraker, P.J. (1994). Zinc: health effects and research priorities for the 1990s, Environ. Health Perspect., 102(2):5-46.
AL.Habbib, O.A.M.; Omer, Z.K., and Ehmayed, H.M.(1990). The effect of ingested lead on some blood parameter and its bioaccumulation in various organs and tissues in rabbits. Ministry of health , scientific medical research studies, 1:147-155.
Blake, S. (2008). Vitamins and mineral demystified, first edition, published by McGraw-Hill. United States of America.
Bentley, P.J. and Grubb, B.R. (1991). Effects of a zinc-deficient diet on tissue zinc concentrations in rabbit. J. Anim. Sci., 69:4876-4882.
Brandao-Neto, J.; Stefan, S.; Mendonca, B.B.; Bloise, W., and Castro, A.B. (1995). The essential role of zinc in growth. Nutrition Research, 15 (3): 335-358.
Chesters, J.K. (1989). Biochemistry of zinc in cell division and tissue growth. In Mills CF, ed. Zinc in Human Biology. London: Springer Verlag, 109-118.
Chvapil, M.; Peng, Y.M.; Aronson, A.L., and Zukoski, A. (1974). Effect of zinc on lipid peroxidation and metal content in some tissues of rats. J. Nutr., 104: 434-443.
Cox, D. H.; Sandra A. Schlicker, S. A., and Chu, A.C. (1969). Excess dietary zinc for the maternal rat, and zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium content and enzyme activity in maternal and fetal tissues. J. Nutrition, 98: 459-466.
Dufner-Beattie, J.; Huang, Z.L.; Geiser, J.; Xu, W., and Andrews, G.K. (2005). generation and characterization of mice lacking the zinc uptake transporter zip3. Mol. Cell Biol., 25(13): 5607–5615.
El Hendy, H. A.; Yousef, M. I., and Abo El-Naga, N. I.(2001). Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats. Toxicology, 167 :163–170.
Evans, S.A. (2003). Metabolic and behavioral effects of zinc deficiency in rats. The Florida State University College of Human Sciences, Msc. thesis.
Forges, T.;Monnier-Barbarino, P.; Alberto, J.M.; Gue, R.M.;´ant Rodriguez, J.L.Daval, and Gue ´ant, J.L. (2007). Impact of folate and homocysteine metabolism on human reproductive health. Human Reproduction Update, 13(3):225-238.
Fosmire, G.J.; Fosmire, M.A., and Sandstead, H.H.(1975). Zinc deficiency in the weanling rat:effects on liver composition and polysomal profiles. J. Nutr., 106: 1152-1158.
Fraker, P.J.; Depasquale-Jardieu, P.; Zwickl, C.M., and Luecke, R.W. (1978). Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci., 75 (11):5660-5664.
Giugliano, R. and Millward, D.J.(1984). Growth and zinc homeostasis in the severely Zn-deficient rat. Br. J. Nutr., 52:545-560.
Hall, A.G.; Kelleher, S.L.; Lönnerdal, B., and Philipps, A. F.(2005). A graded model of dietary zinc deficiency: effects on growth, insulin-like growth factor-I, and the glucose/insulin axis in weanling rats. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 41(1):72-80.
Hambridge, K.M.; Casey, C.E., and Krebs, N.F.(1987). Zinc. In: Mertz, ed. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 5th ed. Volume 2. Orlando, FL, Academic Press, 1–137.
Hiller, R.; Seigel D.; Sperduto R.D.; Blair N.; Burton, T.C.; Farber M.D.; Gragoudas, E.S.; Gunter, E.W.; Haller, J. and Seddon, J.M. (1995). Serum zinc and serum lipid profiles in 778 adults. Ann Epidemiol 5:490-496.
Hosea, H.J.; Rector, E.S., and Taylor, C.G.(2004). Dietary repletion can replenish reduced T cell subset numbers and lymphoid organ weight in zinc-deficient and energy-restricted rats. Br. J. Nutr., 91(5): 741-747.
Jackson, M.J.(1989). Physiology of zinc: general aspects. in: zinc in human biology (Ed. C.F. Mills), Pp. 1–14. Springer, London.110 The Nutritional Trace Metals.
Jenkins, R.A.(1986). Occurrence of selected metals in cigarette tobaccos and smoke. IARC Sci. Publ., 71:129-141.
Kang, H.K.; Harvey, P.W.; Valentine, J.L., and Swendseid, M.E.(1977). zinc, iron, copper and magnesium concentration in tissue of Rats Fed Various Amounts of Zinc. Clin. Chem., 23(10): 1834-1837.
Kincaid, R.L. and Cronrath, J.D.(1979). Effects of dietary zinc upon tissue zinc and percent unsaturated plasma-zinc binding capacity. J. Dairy Sci., 62:572-576.
King, J.C.;Shames,D.M.; and Woodhouse, L.R. (2000). Zinc Homeostasis in Humans, Journal of Nutrition. 130:1360S-1366S.
Kirchgessner, M. and Roth, H.-P (1985). Influence of zinc depletion and zinc status on serum growth hormone levels in rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 7(4): 263-268.
Kraus, A.; Roth, H. and Kirchgessner, M.(1997). Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E or β-carotene influences osmotic fragility and oxidative damage of erythrocytes of zinc-deficient rats. J. Nutr., 127: 1290–1296.
Lönnerdal, B.(2000). Dietary factor influencing zinc absorption. Journal of Nutrition, 130:1378s-1383s.
MacDonald, R.S.(2000). The Role of Zinc in Growth and Cell Proliferation. Journal of Nutrition, 130:1500S-1508S.
Maita, K.; Hirano, M.; Mitsumori, K.; Takahashi, K., and Shirasu,Y. (1981). Subacute toxicity studies with zinc sulfate in mice and rats. J. Pesticide Sci., 6:327-336.
Maret, W. and Krezel, A.(2007). Cellular zinc and redox buffering capacity of metallothionein/thionein in health and disease. Mol. Med., 13: 371–375.
Masayuki, K.(2001). Zinc in Endocrinology. international Pediatrics, 16 (3):1-7.
Miller, W.J.; Blackmon, D.M.; Gentry, R.P., and Pate, F.M.(1970). 65Zinc distribution in various tissues of zinc deficient and normal bull calves with time after single intravenous or oral dosing. J. Anim. Sci., 31:149-156.
Morgan, P.N.;Keen, C.L., and Lã–Nnerdal, B.(1988). Effect of varying dietary zinc intake of weanling mouse pups during recovery from early undernutrition on tissue mineral concentrations, relative organ weights, hematological variables and muscle composition. J. Nutr., 118: 699-711.
Ott, E.A.; Smith, W.H.; Harrington, R.B.; Parker, H.E., and W. M. Beeson, W.M.(1966). Zinc toxicity in ruminants. iv. physiological changes in tissues of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25:432-438.
Prasad, A.S., (1993). Zinc and enzymes.In: Prasad, A.S.,ed. Biochemistry of Zinc. NewYork: Plenum; 17-53.
Prasad, A.S.(1996). Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 15: 113–120.
Prasad, A. S.; Oberleas, D.; Wolf , P., and Horwitz, J. P.(1967). Studies on zinc deficiency: change in the trace element and enzyme activities in tissues of zinc deficient rats. J. Clin. Invest., 46: 549-557.
Pulz, L.M.(2006). The importance of the supplementation of zinc in nursery pig diets. The faculty of the graduate school University of Missouri-Columbia, Msc. thesis.
Reeves, P.G.(1997). Components of the AIN-93 diets as improvements in the AIN-76A diet. J. Nutr., 127(5): 838S-841S.
Root, A. W.; Duckett, G.; Sweetland, M., and Reiter, E. O.(1979). Effects of zinc deficiency upon pituitary function in sexually mature and immature male rats. J. Nutr., 109:958-964.
Rossi, L.; Migliaccio, S.; Corsi, A.; Marzia, M.; Bianco, P.; Teti, A.; Gambelli, L.; Cianfarani, S.; Paoletti, F., and Branca, F.(2001). Reduced growth and skeletal changes in zinc-deficient growing rats are due to impaired growth plate activity and inanition. Journal of Nutrition, 2001;131:1142-1146.
Roth, H.-P. and Kirchgessner, M.(1997). Konzentrationsverlauf an Wachstumshormon, IGF-1, Insulin und C-Peptid in Serum, Hypophyse und Leber von Zn-Mangelratten. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 77:91–101.
Roth, H.P. and Kirchgessner, M.(2000). Concentration of growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin and C-Peptide in rat serum during development of alimentary zinc deficiency. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10, 312:1021-1024.
Roy, B.(1961). Action of zinc on the hypothalamo-pilutary-adrenal axis of the fish, guinea pig and dog on different experimental preparations. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India.,28(1):13-28.
Salgueiro, M.J.; Zubillaga, M.B.; Lysionek, A.E.; Caro, R.A.; Weill, R., and Boccio, J.R.(2002). The role of zinc in the growth and development of children. Nutrition, 18: 510–519.
Sandoval, M.; Henry, P.R.; Luo, X.G.; Littell, R.C.; Miles, R.D., and Ammerman, C.B.(1998). Performance and tissue zinc and metallothionein accumulation in chicks fed a high dietary level of zinc. Poultry Science, 77:1354–1363.
Sandstead, H.H. (2000). Causes of iron and zinc deficiencies and their effects on brain. J. Nutr., 130:347s-349s.
Sandstead, H.H. (1995). Is zinc deficiency a public health problem? Nutrition. 11:87-92.
Settlemire, C. T. and Matrone G.(1967). In vivo effect of zinc on iron turnover in rats and life span of the erythrocyte. J. Nutr., 92(67):159-164.
Shakoori, A.R.; Butt, U.; Riffat, R., and Aziz, F.(1994). Hematological and biochemical effects of Denitol administered for two months on the blood and liver of rabbits. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Zoologie, 80: 165–180.
Sharrett, A.R.; Carter, A.P.; Orheim, R.M., and Manning, F.(1982). Daily intake of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc from drinking water: the seattle study of trace metal exposure. Environ. Res., 28(2):456-475.
Sherman, A.R.; Helyar, L., and Wolinsky, I. (1985). Effect of dietary protein concentration on trace minerals in rat tissues at different ages. J. Nut., 115:607-614.
Stewart, A.K. and Magee, A.A.(1963). Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Metabolism of Young Rats, J. Nutrition, 82: ('64)287-295.
Szczurek, E. (2000). Effects of dietary zinc deficiency and repletion on metallothionein and ki-67 in rat small intestine, liver and kidney. Department of foods and nutrition University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Msc.thesis.
Van Campen, D. R.(1967). Zinc interference with copper absorption in rats. J. Nutr., 91(4):473-476.
Wallwork, J. C.; Milne, D. B.; Sims, R. L., and Sandstead, H. H.(1983). Severe zinc deficiency: effects on the distribution of nine elements (potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese) in regions of the rat brain. J. Nutr., 113: 1895-1905.
Walsh, C.T.; Sandstead, H.H.; Prasad, A.S.; Newberne, P.M., and Fraker, P.J. (1994). Zinc: health effects and research priorities for the 1990s, Environ. Health Perspect., 102(2):5-46.
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2013-09-30
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Al-Habib, O. A. M., & Mahmood, S. A. F. (2013). Effects of Altered Dietary Zinc Intake on Some Growth and Hematological Parameters in Rats. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 1(2), 659–673. Retrieved from https://sjuoz.uoz.edu.krd/index.php/sjuoz/article/view/331
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