Mycoflora and Incidence of Aflatoxin in Wheat Seeds from Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.505Keywords:
Mycolflora, Aspergillus, Aflatoxins, Wheat, Duhok provinceAbstract
Identification of fungi that contaminated wheat grains and their aflatoxins production were investigated in Thirty-three samples collected from different sources in Duhok province, Kurdistan region of Iraq during 2014-2015. In this study a total of twenty-five species belonged to 12 genera was isolated and identified on DRBC, MEA and PDA media. Nine distinct species were identified within Aspergillus which revealed highest diversity among all isolated genera. Followed by five species of Penicillium.Alternariacame after which showed only two species. Two teleomorphic ascomycota Emericella, and Eurotiumwere recorded. The results showed that A. nigerand A. flavuswere the most isolated species. Aflatoxin production potential detected by A. flavusand A. parasiticus were screened using ELISA method. Aflatoxin potential detected in culture of Aspergillus flavus isolates was ranged from 57 to 310 ppb, while, the potential production aflatoxin for A. parasiticus isolates were ranged from 189 – 450 part per billion.
References
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Schroeder, H.W. and Bolla .R.A (1973). Aflatoxin production of species and strains of Aspergillus flavus group isolated from dried crops. .Appl.Microbial. 25:885-889.
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Sulaiman E.D. and Husain, S.S. (1985).Survey of fungi associated with food grains in silos in Iraq .Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research,28, 33-6.
Tutelyan VA. (2004) .Deoxynivalenol in cereals in Russia. Toxicol Lett.; 153(1):173-9.
Vaamonde G., A. Patriarca, V.F. Pinto, R. Comerio and C. Degrossi, (2003). Variability of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by Aspergillus section Flavi from different substrates in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88, 79‒84.
Vuianovic, V. Delia Mavragani, Chantal Hamel .(2012). Fungal communities associated with durum. Article in Crop Protection 37:26–34 .
Watanabe, A. (2002) .Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi, morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species 2nd ed, CRC Press LLC.
Zain, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15, 129e144.
Abdel-Malek, A.Y.,El-Maraghy,S.S and Hassan, .H.A.A.(1993). Mycotoxin-producing potential of some Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium isolates found on corn grains and sunflower seeds in Egypt. Journal Islamic Academic.Science.6:189-192.
Abdullah, S K and Atroshi, HIM. (2014). New records of fungi on wheat grains from Iraq . Journal University. Zakho 2(A):256-265.
Abdullah, S.K.,Miryani, M.S. and Al-Saadoon, A.H. (2009) Mycobiota and incidence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi in three medicinal plants in Iraq. Journal Duhok University. 12(special issue):262-267.
Bragulat, M. R., Abarca, M. L., Cabañes, F.J., (2001). An easy screening method for fungi producing ochratoxin A in pure culture. International Journal Food Microbiol., 139-144.
Broggi, L.E., A.M. Pacin, A. Gasparovic, C. Sacchi, A. Rothermel, A. Gallay and S. Resnik.(2007). Natural occurrence of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and Zeralenone in maize from Entre Rios Province, Argentina. Myco. Res., 23(2): 59-64.
Bryden, W.L. (2012). Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science. Technology. 173: 134–158.
Ellis, M.B. (1976) More Demataiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
Embaby, E.M.; Haggag, L.F.; Abdel-galil, M. (2012). Decay of some fresh and dry fruit quality contaminated by some mold fungi. Journal Appl. Science. Res. 8, 3083-3091.
Farkas, D and Tannenbaum,S.R. (2005). In vitro methods to study chemically-induced hepatotoxicity: A literature review. Current Drug Metabolism pp: 111-125
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (1986). Manuals of food quality control. 7. Food analysis: General technique, additives, contamination, and composition, Rome.
Frisvad, J.C. and Samson, R.A. (2004). Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subjenus Penicillium. A guide to identification of food and airborne terverticilliate Penicilli and their mycotoxins. Studies in mycology., 49:1-173.
Habib, A., Sahi., ST., Javed, NN and Ahmed, S. (2011). Prevalence of seed –borne fungi on wheat during storage and its impact on seed germination. Pakistan Journal Phytopalhol. 23:42-47.
Hedyati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P, Denning DW. (2007). Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiol. ;153:1677–1692.
Hussain, M., Ghazanfar, MU.,Hamid, MI and Ruza, MC. (2013). Seed borne mycofloraof some commercial wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) Cultivars in Punjab Pakistan .EScience. Journal Plant Pathology. 2:97-101.
Hussein, H. S., &Brasel, J. M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167, 101e134.
Mirza J.H., M.S.A Qureshi,(1978). Fungi of Pakistan, University.of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Klich, M.A. (2002) Identification of common Aspergillus species. CentralbureauVoor.
Kobayashi, M. (2001). Corn sheller and moisture meter. American Journal Chemistry. 253 (6): 45-49.
Glazek M.. (1997) . Mycoflora of winter wheat seeds harvested from flooded commercial fields in South-Western Poland in 1997, Plant Prot. Inst. Poznaniu ,29 44-153.
M.A. Klich. (2007).Aspergillus flavus: The major producer of aflatoxin, Mol. Plant Pathol. 8 713-722.
MacDonald S, Prickett TJ, Wildey KB, Chan D. (2004). Survey of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in stored grains from the harvest in the UK. Food AdditContam.;21(2):172-81.
Mahmuda ,K., Yasmin,N and KhanzadaAK.(1987).Effect of black point disease on the germination of wheat varieties . Pakistan Journal Agriculture.Res.8:467-473.
Marin, S., Ramos, A. J., Cano-Sancho, G., &Sanchis, V. (2013). Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 60, 218e237.
Nirenberg H., Schmitz-Elsherif H., Kling C.I. (1994). Occurrence of Fusariaand some blackening moulds on durum wheat in Germany. 1 Incidence of Fusarium species .449-459.
Ominski KH, Marquardt RR, Sinha RN, Abramson D (1994). Ecological aspects of growth and mycotoxin production by storage fungi. In: Miller JD,pp.287-312. Mycotoxins in Grain: compounds other than Aflatoxin. St.Paul,Minnesota.
Pitt, J.I and Hocking, A.D. (2009). Fungi and food spoilage 3rd edition .springer, New York,N.Y .USA, 540pp.
Pitt, J.I. and Hocking, A.D. (1997).Fungi and food spoilage 2nd edition London , Blackie Academic & professional.
Richard, J. L and Payne, G. A. (2003). Mycotoxins in plant, animal, and human systems. Task Force Report No. 139. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., Ruiz, M. J., Font, G., and Berrada, H. (2013). Exposure estimates to Fusarium mycotoxins through cereals intake. Chemosphere, 93, 2297-2303.
Saadullah ,A.M. and Abdullah, S K. (2015). Contamination of Dried Figs with Fungi and Aflatoxigenic Potential of Some Isolates of Aspergillus Section Flavi. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ,Vol.5, No.2.
Samson, R.A. Hoekstra J .A.M and. Frisvad., J.C. 2004. Introduction to Food and Airborne Fungi. 7th Edition. CentraalbureauvoorSchimmelcultures, Utrecht.
Samson, R.A., Noonim, P., and Varga, J. (2007).Diagnosis tools to identify black Aspergilli. Stud.Mycol.59:129-145.
Schroeder, H.W. and Bolla .R.A (1973). Aflatoxin production of species and strains of Aspergillus flavus group isolated from dried crops. .Appl.Microbial. 25:885-889.
Senyuva ,H.Z, Gilbert ,J.,Saneson ,R.A.,Ozcan,S.,Ozturkoglu , S. and Onal ,D.(2008). Occurrence of fungi and their mycotoxins in individual Turkish dried figs. World Mycotoxin Journal. .1:79-86.
Sulaiman E.D. and Husain, S.S. (1985).Survey of fungi associated with food grains in silos in Iraq .Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research,28, 33-6.
Tutelyan VA. (2004) .Deoxynivalenol in cereals in Russia. Toxicol Lett.; 153(1):173-9.
Vaamonde G., A. Patriarca, V.F. Pinto, R. Comerio and C. Degrossi, (2003). Variability of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by Aspergillus section Flavi from different substrates in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88, 79‒84.
Vuianovic, V. Delia Mavragani, Chantal Hamel .(2012). Fungal communities associated with durum. Article in Crop Protection 37:26–34 .
Watanabe, A. (2002) .Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi, morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species 2nd ed, CRC Press LLC.
Zain, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15, 129e144.
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Published
2018-09-30
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Bazyani, L. F., & Saadullah, A. A. (2018). Mycoflora and Incidence of Aflatoxin in Wheat Seeds from Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 6(3), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.505
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