Use of Leaf Anatomy for Identification of Quercus L. Species Native to Kurdistan-Iraq.
Keywords:
Quercus aegilops, Quercus libani, Quercus infectoria, Quercus macranthera, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, BifacialAbstract
Anatomical features of the leaves of Quercus L. species are presented in this study for the first time. Leaves are bifacial and the palisade parenchyma of Q. aegilops and Q. libani is stratified into two layers, of nearly equal width, while that of Q. infectoria and Q.macranthera composed of only one layer. The cortex of both midrib and petiole is well developed with collenchyma starting just beneath the epidermis. The collenchyma of Q. aegilops is extremly thick compared with that of other species. Vascular bundles of the midrib and petiole are completely enclosed by the two pericycle layers of fibers and sclerenchyma. While the number of vascular bundles and sclerenchyma groups cupping them is 3 and 2 for midribs of Q. aegilops and Q. libani respectively, the number turns into 2 vascular elements of different appearance in their petioles. Petiole secondary vascular bundles are well developed and their sclerenchyma groups more lignified in Q. infectoria but less developed and reduced in Q. macranthera. From the results, it is concluded that the leaf blade and petiole anatomical features can provide diagnostic characters for distinguishing Quercus species of Iraq. Results also strongly support placing Q. aegilops and Q. libani in the section Cerris but Q. infectoria is more reliable in the section Mesobalanus.
References
Ashton, P. M. S. and G. P. (1994). A comparison of Leaf Physiology and Anatomy of Quercus (Section Erythrobalanus-Fagaceae) Species in Different Light Environments. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 81, No. 5 (May, 1994), pp. 589-597.
Axelrod, D. I. 1983. Biogeography of oaks in the Arcto-Tertiary Province. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 629–657.
Burger, WC. (1975). The species concept in Quercus. Taxon 24: 45–50.
Camus A. (1936-1954). Les chênes, Monographie du genre Quercus et Monographie du genre Lithocarpus. Encyclopédie Economique de Sylviculture. Vol. VI, VII, VIII. Editions Lechevalier (Paris).
Cao, K.F. (2000). Leaf anatomy and chlorophyll content of 12 woody species in contrasting light conditions in a Bornean heath forest. Can. J. Bot., 78: 1245-1253.
David J. Mabberley. (1987). The Plant-Book first edition (1987). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 0-521-34060-8
De Candolle (1868). Prodromus systematics naturalis regni vegetabilis. Cupuliferae, Part 16 (2). Victoris Masson & Filii, Paris.
Dickison, W. C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press, San Diego.
Elias, T. S. 1971. The genera of Fagaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 159-195.
Hogan, C. (2012). Oak. Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/161730
Lawrence, G. H. M. (1951). Taxonomy of vascular plants. MacMillan, New York, NY.
Maryam Ardi, Fatima Rahmani and Abbas Siami (2012). Genetic variation among Iranian oaks (Quercus spp.) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(45), pp. 10291-10296.
Menitsky, Y. L. (2005). Oaks of Asia, Science Publishers. PO Box 699, Enfield, New Hampshire 03748, U.S.A.
Nikolić, N.; Merkulov, Lj.; Pajević, S.; Krstić, B (2005). Variability of leaf characteristics in different pedunculate oak genotypes (Quercus robur L.). Proceedings of the Balkan scientific conference of biology in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) from 19th till 21st of May 2005.
Nixon K. C. (1993) Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. Ann. Sci. For. 50, Suppl. 1: 25s-34s.
Peng, Y.S.; Li, C.; Li, J.Q. (2007). Study on numerical taxonomy of Quercus L. (Fagaceae) in China. J. Wuhan Botanical Res. 25, 149–157 (in Chinese with English
abstract).
Schwarz, O. I.; T. G. Tutin, et al. (1964). Quercus L. Flora Europaea. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. 1 : Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae.
Shahbaz, S. E. (1993). An analysis of variation within oak genus (Quercus L.) in Iraq. A dissertation submitted to the College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul in plant taxonomy, July 1993.
Shahbaz, S. E. (2010). Trees and shrubs of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A field Guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. University of Duhok.
Soepadmo, E. (1972). Fagaceae. In C. G. G. J. Van Steenis [ed.], Flora Malesiana, Series I, 7, 265–403. P. Noordhoff, Leyden.
Townsend, C.C. and Evan Guest, (1980). Flora of Iraq. Vol. 4, part 1, Ministry of
Agriculure and Agrarian reform, Republic of Iraq, Baghdad, pp.44-54.
Valencia, S. A. (2004). Diversidad del genero Quercus (Fagaceae) en Mexico. . Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex. 75: 33-54.
Van Valen L. (1976). Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25: 233–239.
Wang, C.W. (1961). The Forests of China with a Survey of Grassland and Desert
Vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Fundation, 5. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Zohary, M. (1973). The geobotanicalfoundations of the Middle East. Ed. Gustav Fisher. Stuttgart. p.738.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.
