Synthesis and Characterization of Photocatalytic Performance of Rutile-Tio2 Nanorod Arrays for Solar Hydrogen Generation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.306Keywords:
Photocatalytic, Rutial-TiO2 Nanorod, Solar Hydrogen Generation, Hydrothermal SynthesisAbstract
Single crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods (TNRs) films have been grown on the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using a one pot hydrothermal method, have attracted great attention because of favorable applications in the photoelectrochemical water splitting system. The effect of the reaction conditions on the morphology, crystal orientation and photocatalytic activity has been systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that two diffraction peaks at 36.3° and 63.2° correspond to the (101) and (002) planes of the tetragonal rutile TiO2 nanorod, respectively. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the samples indicates that the TiO2 array surface morphology and orientation are highly dependent on the reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time and the titanium precursor concentration. In a typical condition of the hydrothermal method at 0.3ml of TBO and 160°C for 3 hr, a small diameter and short length 190 nm and 2.2 µm of TiO2 nanorods respectively, are grown on florien doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. When synthesized TiO2 nanorods photocatalyst was irradiated under illumination of simulated AM 1.5G solar light (100 mW cm−2) achieves an overall Photocurrent density of 1.80 mA/cm2 with a maximum photoconversion efficiency of ~1.6%. The results suggest that these dense and aligned one-dimensional TiO2 nanorods are promising for hydrogen generation from water splitting based on PEC cells.
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Dai, H. (2002). Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Accounts of chemical research, 35(12), 1035-1044.
Fabrega, C., Andreu, T., and Morante, J. (2013). Optimization of surface charge transfer processes on rutile TiO2 nanorods photoanodes for water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(7), 2979-2985.
Feng, X., Shankar, K., and Grimes, C. A. (2008). Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications. Nano letters, 8(11), 3781-3786.
Fujishima, A. (1972). Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. nature, 238, 37-38.
Fujishima, A., Rao, T. N., and Tryk, D. A. (2000). Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1(1), 1-21.
Guldin, S., Kohn, P., and Steiner, U. (2013). Self-cleaning antireflective optical coatings. Nano letters, 13(11), 5329-5335.
Hashimoto, K., Irie, H., and Fujishima, A. (2005). TiO2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects. Japanese journal of applied physics, 44(12R), 8269.
Hosono, E., Fujihara, S., and Imai, H. (2004). Growth of submicrometer-scale rectangular parallelepiped rutile TiO2 films in aqueous TiCl3 solutions under hydrothermal conditions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(25), 7790-7791.
Kazes, M., Lewis, D. Y., and Banin, U. (2002). Lasing from semiconductor quantum rods in a cylindrical microcavity. Advanced Materials, 14(4), 317-321.
Kim, H., and Yang, B. L. (2015). Effect of seed layers on TiO 2 nanorod growth on FTO for solar hydrogen generation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(17), 5807-5814.
Kolen'ko, Y. V., Burukhin, A. A., and Oleynikov, N. N. (2003). Synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO 2 powders from aqueous TiOSO 4 solutions under hydrothermal conditions. Materials Letters, 57(5), 1124-1129.
Lee, J. C., Kim, T. G., and Sung, Y. M. (2007). Enhanced photochemical response of TiO2/CdSe heterostructured nanowires. Crystal Growth and Design, 7(12), 2588-2593.
Lee, J.C., Park, K.S., and Sung, Y.M. (2006). Controlled growth of high-quality TiO2 nanowires on sapphire and silica. Nanotechnology, 17(17), 4317.
Lei, Y., and Wang, S. (2001). Preparation and photoluminescence of highly ordered TiO2 nanowire arrays. Applied physics letters, 78(8), 1125-1127.
Li, Y., Yu, H., S and Shao, Z. (2011). A novel photoelectrochemical cell with self-organized TiO 2 nanotubes as photoanodes for hydrogen generation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(22), 14374-14380.
Lin, X., Song, D., and Qiang, Y. (2012). Synthesis of hollow spherical TiO 2 for dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced performance. Applied Surface Science, 263, 816-820.
Liu, B., and Aydil, E. S. (2009). Growth of oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods on transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(11), 3985-3990.
Liu, C., Tang, J., and Yang, P. (2013). A fully integrated nanosystem of semiconductor nanowires for direct solar water splitting. Nano letters, 13(6), 2989-2992.
Lou, Z., Li, F., and Zhang, T. (2013). Branch-like hierarchical heterostructure (α-Fe2O3/TiO2): a novel sensing material for trimethylamine gas sensor. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 5(23), 12310-12316.
Meng, N., Leung, M., and Leung, D. (2004). Water electrolysis-a bridge between renewable resources and hydrogen. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the international hydrogen energy forum.
Pan, Z. W., Dai, Z. R., and Wang, Z. L. (2001). Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides. Science, 291(5510), 1947-1949.
Peng, X., Manna, L., and Alivisatos, A. P. (2000). Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals. nature, 404(6773), 59-61.
Selman, A. M., and Hassan, Z. (2015). Structural and Photoluminescence Studies of Rutile TiO 2 Nanorods Prepared by CBD Method on Si Substrates. American Journal of Materials Science, 5(3B), 16-20.
Shen, L., Bao, N., and Yanagisawa, K. (2008). Hydrothermal splitting of titanate fibers to single-crystalline TiO2 nanostructures with controllable crystalline phase, morphology, microstructure, and photocatalytic activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(24), 8809-8818.
Sun, X., Sun, Q., and Dong, L. (2013). Significant effects of reaction temperature on morphology, crystallinity, and photoelectrical properties of rutile TiO2 nanorod array films. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 46(9), 095102.
Thamaphat, K., Limsuwan, P., and Ngotawornchai, B. (2008). Phase characterization of TiO2 powder by XRD and TEM. Kasetsart J.(Nat. Sci.), 42(5), 357-361.
Tsai, C. C., and Teng, H. (2006). Structural features of nanotubes synthesized from NaOH treatment on TiO2 with different post-treatments. Chemistry of Materials, 18(2), 367-373.
Wang, Z. L., and Song, J. (2006). Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science, 312(5771), 242-246.
Waterhouse, G. I., and Waterland, M. R. (2007). Opal and inverse opal photonic crystals: fabrication and characterization. Polyhedron, 26(2), 356-368.
Wolcott, A., Smith, W. A., and Zhang, J. Z. (2009). Photoelectrochemical water splitting using dense and aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays. Small, 5(1), 104-111.
Wu, M. C., Sápi, A., and Keiski, R. (2011). Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanofibers and their flexible composite films: Decomposition of organic dyes and efficient H2 generation from ethanol-water mixtures. Nano Research, 4(4), 360-369.
Xie, Z., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2013). Visible light photoelectrochemical properties of N-Doped TiO 2 nanorod arrays from TiN. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, 9.
Zou, Y., Li, D., and Yang, D. (2012). Fabrication of TiO2 nanorod array/semiconductor nanocrystal hybrid structure for photovoltaic applications. Solar Energy, 86(5), 1359-1365.
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2017-03-30
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Qasim, A. K., Jamil, L. A., & Chen, Q. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Photocatalytic Performance of Rutile-Tio2 Nanorod Arrays for Solar Hydrogen Generation. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.1.306
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Copyright (c) 2017 Amin K. Qasim, Lazgin A. Jamil, Qiao Chen
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