Estimation and Correlation Analysis of Heavy Metals of Some Well Water in Zakho City, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.369Keywords:
Zakho City, Water Quality, Heavy metals, Water Pollution, Well WaterAbstract
This study was carried out to examine the concentrations of major heavy metals in fifteen different well water in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The studied heavy metals were iron, copper, chromium, aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc and lead. The results obtained in the studied area showed that copper, chromium, cobalt, zinc, manganese, aluminum, iron and lead were within the acceptable limits as recommended by WHO for water drinking. However, in all studied areas, cadmium and nickel were mostly founded to exceed the maximum permissible limit set by WHO. It is found that zinc and copper possess a very good positive correlation between each other. The results obtained in this study confirmed the groundwater pollution and hence it is not suitable for consumption without any prior treatment.
References
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Robins, N. S., & Smedley, P. L. (1994). Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of a small, hard-rock island — the heavily stressed aquifer of Jersey. Journal of Hydrology, 163(3), 249-269. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90143-0
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Singhal, D. C., Niwas, S., & Singhal, B. B. S. (1988). Integrated approach to aquifer delineation in hard rock terrains — A case study from the Banda District, India. Journal of Hydrology, 98(1), 165-183. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90212-0
Stigler, S. M. (1989). Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation. Statistical Science, 4(2), 73-79.
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Banat, K. M., Howari, F. M., & Al-Hamad, A. A. (2005). Heavy metals in urban soils of central Jordan: Should we worry about their environmental risks? Environmental Research, 97(3), 258-273. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.07.002
Cassat, James E., & Skaar, Eric P. Iron in Infection and Immunity. Cell Host & Microbe, 13(5), 509-519. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.010
Charlesworth, S. M., & Lees, J. A. (1999). The distribution of heavy metals in deposited urban dusts and sediments, Coventry, England. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 21(2), 97-115. doi: 10.1023/A:1006694400288
Clesceri, L. S., Eaton, A. D., Greenberg, A. E., Association, A. P. H., Association, A. W. W., & Federation, W. E. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: American Public Health Association.
Dawson, E. J., & Macklin, M. G. (1998). Speciation of Heavy Metals in Floodplain and Flood Sediments: a Reconnaissance Survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20(2), 67-76. doi: 10.1023/A:1006541724394
De Silva, C. S., & Weatherhead, E. K. (1997). Optimising the dimensions of agrowells in hard-rock aquifers in Sri Lanka. Agricultural Water Management, 33(2), 117-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(96)01297-8
Denkhaus, E., & Salnikow, K. (2002). Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 42(1), 35-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1040-8428(01)00214-1
Edmunds, W. M., Shand, P., Hart, P., & Ward, R. S. (2003). The natural (baseline) quality of groundwater: a UK pilot study. Science of The Total Environment, 310(1–3), 25-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00620-4
Ekpo, B. O., & Ibok, U. J. (1998). Seasonal variation and partition of trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb) in surface sediments: relationship with physico-chemical variables of water from the Calabar River, South Eastern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20(3), 113-121. doi: 10.1023/A:1006528324687
Foster, S. S. D., & Bank, W. (2002). Groundwater Quality Protection: A Guide for Water Utilities, Municipal Authorities, and Environment Agencies: World Bank.
Gupta, C. P., & Singh, V. S. (1988). Flow regime associated with partially penetrating large-diameter wells in hard rocks. Journal of Hydrology, 103(3), 209-217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90134-5
Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 7(2), 60-72. doi: 10.2478/intox-2014-0009
Karanth, K. R. (1989). Hydrogeology: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Khaled, B., Wided, B., Béchir, H., Elimame, E., Mouna, L., & Zied, T. Investigation of electrocoagulation reactor design parameters effect on the removal of cadmium from synthetic and phosphate industrial wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.012
Kuang, C., Neumann, T., Norra, S., & Stüben, D. (2004). Land Use-related Chemical Composition of Street Sediments in Beijing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 11(2), 73. doi: 10.1007/BF02979706
Kumar, M., Ramanathan, A. L., Rao, M. S., & Kumar, B. (2006). Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environmental Geology, 50(7), 1025-1039. doi: 10.1007/s00254-006-0275-4
Liu, C.-W., Jang, C.-S., Chen, C.-P., Lin, C.-N., & Lou, K.-L. (2008). Characterization of groundwater quality in Kinmen Island using multivariate analysis and geochemical modelling. Hydrological Processes, 22(3), 376-383. doi: 10.1002/hyp.6606
Marengo, E., Gennaro, M. C., Robotti, E., Rossanigo, P., Rinaudo, C., & Roz-Gastaldi, M. (2006). Investigation of anthropic effects connected with metal ions concentration, organic matter and grain size in Bormida river sediments. Analytica Chimica Acta, 560(1–2), 172-183. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.086
Mattison, D. R., Milton, B., Krewski, D., Levy, L., Dorman, D. C., Aggett, P. J., . . . McGough, D. Severity scoring of manganese health effects for categorical regression. NeuroToxicology. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.001
Mireles, A., Solı́s, C., Andrade, E., Lagunas-Solar, M., Piña, C., & Flocchini, R. G. (2004). Heavy metal accumulation in plants and soil irrigated with wastewater from Mexico city. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 219–220, 187-190. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.051
Morrison, G. M. P., Revitt, D. M., & Ellis, J. B. (1990). Metal Speciation in Separate Stormwater Systems. Water Science and Technology, 22(10-11), 53-60.
Namaghi, H. H., Karami, G. H., & Saadat, S. (2011). A study on chemical properties of groundwater and soil in ophiolitic rocks in Firuzabad, east of Shahrood, Iran: with emphasis to heavy metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174(1), 573-583. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1479-3
Négrel, P., Lemière, B., Machard de Grammont, H., Billaud, P., & Sengupta, B. (2007). Hydrogeochemical processes, mixing and isotope tracing in hard rock aquifers and surface waters from the Subarnarekha River Basin, (east Singhbhum District, Jharkhand State, India). Hydrogeology Journal, 15(8), 1535-1552. doi: 10.1007/s10040-007-0227-4
Nouri, J., Mahvi, A. H., Jahed, G. R., & Babaei, A. A. (2008). Regional distribution pattern of groundwater heavy metals resulting from agricultural activities. Environmental Geology, 55(6), 1337-1343. doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-1081-3
Olmedo, P., Hernández, A. F., Pla, A., Femia, P., Navas-Acien, A., & Gil, F. (2013). Determination of essential elements (copper, manganese, selenium and zinc) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk and nutritional assessment and mercury–selenium balance. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 62, 299-307. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.076
Rajesh, R., Brindha, K., Murugan, R., & Elango, L. (2012). Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on temporal changes in groundwater quality in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65(4), 1203-1213. doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-1368-2
Robins, N. S., & Smedley, P. L. (1994). Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of a small, hard-rock island — the heavily stressed aquifer of Jersey. Journal of Hydrology, 163(3), 249-269. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90143-0
Salgueiro, M. J., Zubillaga, M., Lysionek, A., Sarabia, M. I., Caro, R., De Paoli, T., . . . Boccio, J. (2000). Zinc as an essential micronutrient: A review. Nutrition Research, 20(5), 737-755. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00163-9
Schaible, U. E., & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2004). Iron and microbial infection. Nat Rev Micro, 2(12), 946-953.
Singhal, D. C., Niwas, S., & Singhal, B. B. S. (1988). Integrated approach to aquifer delineation in hard rock terrains — A case study from the Banda District, India. Journal of Hydrology, 98(1), 165-183. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90212-0
Stigler, S. M. (1989). Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation. Statistical Science, 4(2), 73-79.
Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. EXS, 101, 133-164. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
Zhu, C., & Schwartz, F. W. (2011). Hydrogeochemical Processes and Controls on Water Quality and Water Management. Elements, 7(3), 169-174. doi: 10.2113/gselements.7.3.169.
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2017-06-30
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Mohammad Salim, H. A., Abdo, H. R., Buni, F. J., Kareem, I. M., Najeeb, M. A., & Hussen, B. A. (2017). Estimation and Correlation Analysis of Heavy Metals of Some Well Water in Zakho City, Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(2), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.369
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Science Journal of University of Zakho
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